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Senator¡¡Davis¡¡wrote£º¡¡¡¡¡¨We¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡something¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡sciolist's¡¡temerity¡¡of¡¡indulgence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡an¡¡unfamiliar¡¡art¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡legal¡¡solecisms¡¡will¡¡be¡¡found¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡abstrusest¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡law¡¡are¡¡impressed¡¡into¡¡a¡¡disciplined¡¡service¡£¡¡¡¡Over¡¡and¡¡over¡¡again£»¡¡where¡¡such¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡unexampled¡¡in¡¡writers¡¡unlearned¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡Shakespeare¡¡appears¡¡in¡¡perfect¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡real¡¡property£»¡¡its¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡tenure¡¡and¡¡descents£»¡¡its¡¡entails£»¡¡its¡¡fines¡¡and¡¡recoveries£»¡¡their¡¡vouchers¡¡and¡¡double¡¡vouchers£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡procedure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Courts£»¡¡the¡¡method¡¡of¡¡bringing¡¡writs¡¡and¡¡arrests£»¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡actions£»¡¡the¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡pleading£»¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡escapes¡¡and¡¡of¡¡contempt¡¡of¡¡court£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡evidence£»¡¡both¡¡technical¡¡and¡¡philosophical£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡distinction¡¡between¡¡the¡¡temporal¡¡and¡¡spiritual¡¡tribunals£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡attainder¡¡and¡¡forfeiture£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡requisites¡¡of¡¡a¡¡valid¡¡marriage£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presumption¡¡of¡¡legitimacy£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡learning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡prerogative£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡inalienable¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Crown£»¡¡this¡¡mastership¡¡appears¡¡with¡¡surprising¡¡authority¡£¡¨

To¡¡all¡¡this¡¡testimony¡¡£¨and¡¡there¡¡is¡¡much¡¡more¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡not¡¡cited£©¡¡may¡¡now¡¡be¡¡added¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡great¡¡lawyer¡¡of¡¡our¡¡own¡¡times£»¡¡VIZ¡££º¡¡¡¡Sir¡¡James¡¡Plaisted¡¡Wilde£»¡¡Q¡£C¡£¡¡1855£»¡¡created¡¡a¡¡Baron¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Exchequer¡¡in¡¡1860£»¡¡promoted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡post¡¡of¡¡Judge¡­¡¡Ordinary¡¡and¡¡Judge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Courts¡¡of¡¡Probate¡¡and¡¡Divorce¡¡in¡¡1863£»¡¡and¡¡better¡¡known¡¡to¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡Lord¡¡Penzance£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡dignity¡¡he¡¡was¡¡raised¡¡in¡¡1869¡£¡¡¡¡Lord¡¡Penzance£»¡¡as¡¡all¡¡lawyers¡¡know£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡late¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Inderwick£»¡¡K¡£C¡££»¡¡has¡¡testified£»¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡legal¡¡authorities¡¡of¡¡his¡¡day£»¡¡famous¡¡for¡¡his¡¡¡¨remarkable¡¡grasp¡¡of¡¡legal¡¡principles£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡¡¨endowed¡¡by¡¡nature¡¡with¡¡a¡¡remarkable¡¡facility¡¡for¡¡marshaling¡¡facts£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡a¡¡clear¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡his¡¡views¡£¡¨

Lord¡¡Penzance¡¡speaks¡¡of¡¡Shakespeare's¡¡¡¨perfect¡¡familiarity¡¡with¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡principles£»¡¡axioms£»¡¡and¡¡maxims£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡technicalities¡¡of¡¡English¡¡law£»¡¡a¡¡knowledge¡¡so¡¡perfect¡¡and¡¡intimate¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡never¡¡incorrect¡¡and¡¡never¡¡at¡¡fault¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡The¡¡mode¡¡in¡¡which¡¡this¡¡knowledge¡¡was¡¡pressed¡¡into¡¡service¡¡on¡¡all¡¡occasions¡¡to¡¡express¡¡his¡¡meaning¡¡and¡¡illustrate¡¡his¡¡thoughts¡¡was¡¡quite¡¡unexampled¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡a¡¡special¡¡pleasure¡¡in¡¡his¡¡complete¡¡and¡¡ready¡¡mastership¡¡of¡¡it¡¡in¡¡all¡¡its¡¡branches¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡manifested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡plays£»¡¡this¡¡legal¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡learning¡¡had¡¡therefore¡¡a¡¡special¡¡character¡¡which¡¡places¡¡it¡¡on¡¡a¡¡wholly¡¡different¡¡footing¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡multifarious¡¡knowledge¡¡which¡¡is¡¡exhibited¡¡in¡¡page¡¡after¡¡page¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plays¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡every¡¡turn¡¡and¡¡point¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡author¡¡required¡¡a¡¡metaphor£»¡¡simile£»¡¡or¡¡illustration£»¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡ever¡¡turned¡¡FIRST¡¡to¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡seems¡¡almost¡¡to¡¡have¡¡THOUGHT¡¡in¡¡legal¡¡phrases£»¡¡the¡¡commonest¡¡of¡¡legal¡¡expressions¡¡were¡¡ever¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡his¡¡pen¡¡in¡¡description¡¡or¡¡illustration¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡he¡¡should¡¡have¡¡descanted¡¡in¡¡lawyer¡¡language¡¡when¡¡he¡¡had¡¡a¡¡forensic¡¡subject¡¡in¡¡hand£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Shylock's¡¡bond£»¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡law¡¡in¡¡'Shakespeare'¡¡was¡¡exhibited¡¡in¡¡a¡¡far¡¡different¡¡manner£º¡¡¡¡it¡¡protruded¡¡itself¡¡on¡¡all¡¡occasions£»¡¡appropriate¡¡or¡¡inappropriate£»¡¡and¡¡mingled¡¡itself¡¡with¡¡strains¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡widely¡¡divergent¡¡from¡¡forensic¡¡subjects¡£¡¨¡¡Again£º¡¡¡¡¡¨To¡¡acquire¡¡a¡¡perfect¡¡familiarity¡¡with¡¡legal¡¡principles£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡accurate¡¡and¡¡ready¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡technical¡¡terms¡¡and¡¡phrases¡¡not¡¡only¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conveyancer's¡¡office£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pleader's¡¡chambers¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Courts¡¡at¡¡Westminster£»¡¡nothing¡¡short¡¡of¡¡employment¡¡in¡¡some¡¡career¡¡involving¡¡constant¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡legal¡¡questions¡¡and¡¡general¡¡legal¡¡work¡¡would¡¡be¡¡requisite¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡a¡¡continuous¡¡employment¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡element¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡time¡¡was¡¡just¡¡what¡¡the¡¡manager¡¡of¡¡two¡¡theaters¡¡had¡¡not¡¡at¡¡his¡¡disposal¡£¡¡In¡¡what¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡Shakespeare's¡¡£¨i¡£e¡££»¡¡Shakspere's£©¡¡career¡¡would¡¡it¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡point¡¡out¡¡that¡¡time¡¡could¡¡be¡¡found¡¡for¡¡the¡¡interposition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡employment¡¡in¡¡the¡¡chambers¡¡or¡¡offices¡¡of¡¡practicing¡¡lawyers£¿¡¨

Stratfordians£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡well¡¡known£»¡¡casting¡¡about¡¡for¡¡some¡¡possible¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡Shakespeare's¡¡extraordinary¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡law£»¡¡have¡¡made¡¡the¡¡suggestion¡¡that¡¡Shakespeare¡¡might£»¡¡conceivably£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡clerk¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡before¡¡he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡London¡£¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Collier¡¡wrote¡¡to¡¡Lord¡¡Campbell¡¡to¡¡ask¡¡his¡¡opinion¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡probability¡¡of¡¡this¡¡being¡¡true¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡answer¡¡was¡¡as¡¡follows£º¡¡¡¡¡¨You¡¡require¡¡us¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡implicitly¡¡a¡¡fact£»¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡if¡¡true£»¡¡positive¡¡and¡¡irrefragable¡¡evidence¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡handwriting¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡forthcoming¡¡to¡¡establish¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Not¡¡having¡¡been¡¡actually¡¡enrolled¡¡as¡¡an¡¡attorney£»¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡records¡¡of¡¡the¡¡local¡¡court¡¡at¡¡Stratford¡¡nor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡Court¡¡at¡¡Westminster¡¡would¡¡present¡¡his¡¡name¡¡as¡¡being¡¡concerned¡¡in¡¡any¡¡suit¡¡as¡¡an¡¡attorney£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡might¡¡reasonably¡¡have¡¡been¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡deeds¡¡or¡¡wills¡¡witnessed¡¡by¡¡him¡¡still¡¡extant£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡a¡¡very¡¡diligent¡¡search¡¡none¡¡such¡¡can¡¡be¡¡discovered¡£¡¨

Upon¡¡this¡¡Lord¡¡Penzance¡¡commends£º¡¡¡¡¡¨It¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡doubted¡¡that¡¡Lord¡¡Campbell¡¡was¡¡right¡¡in¡¡this¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡young¡¡man¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡at¡¡work¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡without¡¡being¡¡called¡¡upon¡¡continually¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡a¡¡witness£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡many¡¡other¡¡ways¡¡leaving¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡his¡¡work¡¡and¡¡name¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡single¡¡fact¡¡or¡¡incident¡¡in¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡known¡¡of¡¡Shakespeare£»¡¡even¡¡by¡¡rumor¡¡or¡¡tradition£»¡¡which¡¡supports¡¡this¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡a¡¡clerkship¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡after¡¡much¡¡argument¡¡and¡¡surmise¡¡which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡indulged¡¡in¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject£»¡¡we¡¡may£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡safely¡¡put¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡on¡¡one¡¡side£»¡¡for¡¡no¡¡less¡¡an¡¡authority¡¡than¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Grant¡¡White¡¡says¡¡finally¡¡that¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡his¡¡having¡¡been¡¡clerk¡¡to¡¡an¡¡attorney¡¡has¡¡been¡¡¡¨blown¡¡to¡¡pieces¡£¡¨

It¡¡is¡¡altogether¡¡characteristic¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Churton¡¡Collins¡¡that¡¡he£»¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡adopts¡¡this¡¡exploded¡¡myth¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨That¡¡Shakespeare¡¡was¡¡in¡¡early¡¡life¡¡employed¡¡as¡¡a¡¡clerk¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡may¡¡be¡¡correct¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡Stratford¡¡there¡¡was¡¡by¡¡royal¡¡charter¡¡a¡¡Court¡¡of¡¡Record¡¡sitting¡¡every¡¡fortnight£»¡¡with¡¡six¡¡attorneys£»¡¡besides¡¡the¡¡town¡¡clerk£»¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡not¡¡straining¡¡probability¡¡to¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡the¡¡young¡¡Shakespeare¡¡may¡¡have¡¡had¡¡employment¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡no¡¡tradition¡¡to¡¡this¡¡effect£»¡¡but¡¡such¡¡traditions¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡about¡¡Shakespeare's¡¡occupation¡¡between¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡leaving¡¡school¡¡and¡¡going¡¡to¡¡London¡¡are¡¡so¡¡loose¡¡and¡¡baseless¡¡that¡¡no¡¡confidence¡¡can¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is£»¡¡to¡¡say¡¡the¡¡least£»¡¡more¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡than¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡butcher¡¡killing¡¡calves¡¡'in¡¡a¡¡high¡¡style£»'¡¡and¡¡making¡¡speeches¡¡over¡¡them¡£¡¨

This¡¡is¡¡a¡¡charming¡¡specimen¡¡of¡¡Stratfordian¡¡argument¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡a¡¡very¡¡old¡¡tradition¡¡that¡¡Shakespeare¡¡was¡¡a¡¡butcher's¡¡apprentice¡£¡¡¡¡John¡¡Dowdall£»¡¡who¡¡made¡¡a¡¡tour¡¡of¡¡Warwickshire¡¡in¡¡1693£»¡¡testifies¡¡to¡¡it¡¡as¡¡coming¡¡from¡¡the¡¡old¡¡clerk¡¡who¡¡showed¡¡him¡¡over¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡unhesitatingly¡¡accepted¡¡as¡¡true¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Halliwell¡­Phillipps¡£¡¡¡¡£¨Vol¡£¡¡I£»¡¡p¡£¡¡11£»¡¡and¡¡Vol¡£¡¡II£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡71£»¡¡72¡££©¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Sidney¡¡Lee¡¡sees¡¡nothing¡¡improbable¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡Aubrey£»¡¡who¡¡must¡¡have¡¡written¡¡his¡¡account¡¡some¡¡time¡¡before¡¡1680£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡manuscript¡¡was¡¡completed¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡attorney's¡¡clerk¡¡hypothesis£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡faintest¡¡vestige¡¡of¡¡a¡¡tradition¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡evolved¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fertile¡¡imaginations¡¡of¡¡embarrassed¡¡Stratfordians£»¡¡seeking¡¡for¡¡some¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Stratford¡¡rustic's¡¡marvelous¡¡acquaintance¡¡with¡¡law¡¡and¡¡legal¡¡terms¡¡and¡¡legal¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Churton¡¡Collins¡¡has¡¡not¡¡the¡¡least¡¡hesitation¡¡in¡¡throwing¡¡over¡¡the¡¡tradition¡¡which¡¡has¡¡the¡¡warrant¡¡of¡¡antiquity¡¡and¡¡setting¡¡up¡¡in¡¡its¡¡stead¡¡this¡¡ridiculous¡¡invention£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡not¡¡only¡¡is¡¡there¡¡no¡¡shred¡¡of¡¡positive¡¡evidence£»¡¡but¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡Lord¡¡Campbell¡¡and¡¡Lord¡¡Penzance¡¡pointed¡¡out£»¡¡is¡¡really¡¡put¡¡out¡¡of¡¡court¡¡by¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡evidence£»¡¡since¡¡¡¨no¡¡young¡¡man¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡at¡¡work¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡without¡¡being¡¡called¡¡upon¡¡continually¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡a¡¡witness£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡many¡¡other¡¡ways¡¡leaving¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡his¡¡work¡¡and¡¡name¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡And¡¡as¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Edwards¡¡further¡¡points¡¡out£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡day¡¡when¡¡Lord¡¡Campbell's¡¡book¡¡was¡¡published¡¡£¨between¡¡forty¡¡and¡¡fifty¡¡years¡¡ago£©£»¡¡¡¨every¡¡old¡¡deed¡¡or¡¡will£»¡¡to¡¡say¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡other¡¡legal¡¡papers£»¡¡dated¡¡during¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of¡¡William¡¡Shakespeare's¡¡youth£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡scrutinized¡¡over¡¡half¡¡a¡¡dozen¡¡shires£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡one¡¡signature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡young¡¡man¡¡has¡¡been¡¡found¡£¡¨

Moreover£»¡¡if¡¡Shakespeare¡¡had¡¡served¡¡as¡¡clerk¡¡in¡¡an¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡it¡¡is¡¡clear

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