贝壳电子书 > 英文原著电子书 > flying machines >

第8章

flying machines-第8章

小说: flying machines 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!




will quickly learn; for instance; that; as the

shifting of the bodily weight backwards and forwards

affects the upward and downward trend of the planes; so

a movement sidewaysto the left or the rightaffects

the direction in which the glider travels。



Ascends at an Angle。



In ascending; the glider and flying machine; like the

bird; makes an angular; not a vertical flight。 Just what

this angle of ascension may be is difficult to determine。

It is probable and in fact altogether likely; that it varies

with the force of the wind; weight of the rising body;

power of propulsion; etc。 This; in the language of physicists;

is the angle of inclination; and; as a general thing;

under normal conditions (still air) should be put down as

about one in ten; or 5 3/4 degrees。 This would be an ideal

condition; but it has not; as vet been reached。 The force

of the wind affects the angle considerably; as does also

the weight and velocity of the apparatus。 In general

practice the angle varies from 23 to 45 degrees。 At

more than 45 degrees the supporting effort is overcome

by the resistance to forward motion。



Increasing the speed or propulsive force; tends to

lessen the angle at which the machine may be successfully

operated because it reduces the wind pressure。

Most of the modern flying machines are operated at an

angle of 23 degrees; or less。



Maintaining an Equilibrium。



Stable equilibrium is one of the main essentials to

successful flight; and this cannot be preserved in an

uncertain; gusty wind; especially by an amateur。 The

novice should not attempt a glide unless the conditions

are just right。 These conditions are: A clear; level

space; without obstructions; such as trees; etc。; and a

steady wind of not exceeding twelve miles an hour。 Always

fly against the wind。



When a reasonable amount of proficiency in the handling

of the machine on level ground has been acquired

the field of practice may be changed to some gentle

slope。 In starting from a slope it will be found easier

to keep the machine afloat; but the experience at first is

likely to be very disconcerting to a man of less than iron

nerve。 As the glider sails away from the top of the

slope the distance between him and the ground increases

rapidly until the aviator thinks he is up a hundred miles

in the air。 If he will keep cool; manipulate his apparatus

so as to preserve its equilibrium; and 〃let nature take its

course;〃 he will come down gradually and safely to the

ground at a considerable distance from the starting place。

This is one advantage of starting from an elevation

your machine will go further。



But; if the aviator becomes 〃rattled〃; if he loses control

of his machine; serious results; including a bad fall

with risk of death; are almost certain。 And yet this

practice is just as necessary as the initial lessons on

level ground。 When judgment is used; and 〃haste made

slowly;〃 there is very little real danger。 While experimenting

with gliders the Wrights made flights innumerable

under all sorts of conditions and never had an accident

of any kind。



Effects of Wind Currents。



The larger the machine the more difficult it will be to

control its movements in the air; and yet enlargement is

absolutely necessary as weight; in the form of motor;

rudder; etc。; is added。



Air currents near the surface of the ground are diverted

by every obstruction unless the wind is blowing

hard enough to remove the obstruction entirely。 Take;

for instance; the case of a tree or shrub; in a moderate

wind of from ten to twelve miles an hour。 As the wind

strikes the tree it divides; part going to one side and

part going to the other; while still another part is directed

upward and goes over the top of the obstruction。

This makes the handling of a glider on an obstructed

field difficult and uncertain。 To handle a glider successfully

the place of operation should be clear and the wind

moderate and steady。 If it is gusty postpone your flight。

In this connection it will be well to understand the velocity

of the wind; and what it means as shown in the

following table:



Miles per hour Feet per second     Pressure per sq。 foot

     10                14。7                 。492

     25                36。7                3。075

     50                73。3               12。300

     100              146。6               49。200



Pressure of wind increases in proportion to the square

of the velocity。 Thus wind at 10 miles an hour has four

times the pressure of wind at 5 miles an hour。 The

greater this pressure the large and heavier the object

which can be raised。 Any boy who has had experience

in flying kites can testify to this; High winds; however;

are almost invariably gusty and uncertain as to direction;

and this makes them dangerous for aviators。 It

is also a self…evident fact that; beyond a certain stage;

the harder the wind blows the more difficult it is to

make headway against it。



Launching Device for Gliders。



On page 195 will be found a diagram of the various

parts of a launcher for gliders; designed and patented

by Mr。 Octave Chanute。 In describing this invention

in Aeronautics; Mr。 Chanute says:



〃In practicing; the track; preferably portable; is

generally laid in the direction of the existing wind and

the car; preferably a light platform…car; is placed on the

track。 The truck carrying the winding…drum and its motor

is placed to windward a suitable distancesay from

two hundred to one thousand feetand is firmly blocked

or anchored in line with the portable track; which is

preferably 80 or 100 feet in length。 The flying or gliding

machine to be launched with its operator is placed on

the platform…car at the leeward end of the portable track。

The line; which is preferably a flexible combination

wire…and…cord cable; is stretched between the winding…

drum on the track and detachably secured to the flying

or gliding machine; preferably by means of a trip…hoop;

or else held in the hand of the operator; so that the

operator may readily detach the same from the flying…

machine when the desired height is attained。



How Glider Is Started。



〃Then upon a signal given by the operator the engineer

at the motor puts it into operation; gradually increasing

the speed until the line is wound upon the drum

at a maximum speed of; say; thirty miles an hour。 The

operator of the flying…machine; whether he stands upright and

carries it on his shoulders; or whether he sits

or lies down prone upon it; adjusts the aeroplane or

carrying surfaces so that the wind shall strike them on

the top and press downward instead of upward until

the platform…car under action of the winding…drum and

line attains the required speed。



〃When the operator judges that his speed is sufficient;

and this depends upon the velocity of the wind as well

as that of the car moving against the wind; he quickly

causes the front of the flying…machine to tip upward; so

that the relative wind striking on the under side of the

planes or carrying surfaces shall lift the flying machine

into the air。 It then ascends like a kite to such height

as may be desired by the operator; who then trips the

hook and releases the line from the machine。



What the Operator Does。



〃The operator being now free in the air has a certain

initial velocity imparted by the winding…drum and line

and also a potential energy corresponding to his height

above the ground。 If the flying or gliding machine is

provided with a motor; he can utilize that in his further

flight; and if it is a simple gliding machine without

motor he can make a descending flight through the air

to such distance as corresponds to the velocity acquired

and the height gained; steering meanwhile by the devices

provided for that purpose。



〃The simplest operation or maneuver is to continue

the flight straight ahead against the wind; bu

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的