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第6章

flying machines-第6章

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spruce。 This will be seen in the following table:



                Weight       Tensile          Compressive

             per cubic ft。   Strength           Strength

   Wood         in lbs。    lbs。 per sq。 in。   lbs。 per sq in。

Hickory           53           12;000          8;500

Oak               50           12;000          9;000

Ash               38           12;000          6;000

Walnut            38            8;000          6;000

Spruce            25            8;000          5;000

Pine              25            5;000          4;500





Considering the marked saving in weight spruce has

a greater percentage of tensile strength than any of the

other woods。 It is also easier to find in long; straight…

grained pieces free from knots; and it is this kind only

that should be used in flying machine construction。



You will next need some spools or hanks of No。 6

linen shoe thread; metal sockets; a supply of strong

piano wire; a quantity of closely…woven silk or cotton

cloth; glue; turnbuckles; varnish; etc。



Names of the Various Parts。



The long strips; four in number; which form the front

and rear edges of the upper and lower frames; are called

the horizontal beams。 These are each 20 feet in length。

These horizontal beams are connected by upright strips;

4 feet long; called stanchions。 There are usually 12 of

these; six on the front edge; and six on the rear。 They

serve to hold the upper plane away from the lower one。

Next comes the ribs。 These are 4 feet in length (projecting

for a foot over the rear beam); and while intended

principally as a support to the cloth covering of

the planes; also tend to hold the frame together in a

horizontal position just as the stanchions do in the vertical。

There are forty…one of these ribs; twenty…one on

the upper and twenty on the lower plane。 Then come

the struts; the main pieces which join the horizontal

beams。 All of these parts are shown in the illustrations;

reference to which will make the meaning of the

various names clear。



Quantity and Cost of Material。



For the horizontal beams four pieces of spruce; 20 feet

long; 1 1/2 inches wide and 3/4 inch thick are necessary。

These pieces must be straight…grain; and absolutely free

from knots。 If it is impossible to obtain clear pieces

of this length; shorter ones may be spliced; but this is

not advised as it adds materially to the weight。 The

twelve stanchions should be 4 feet long and 7/8 inch in

diameter and rounded in form so as to offer as little

resistance as possible to the wind。 The struts; there

are twelve of them; are 3 feet long by 11/4 x 1/2 inch。 For

a 20…foot biplane about 20 yards of stout silk or unbleached

muslin; of standard one yard width; will be

needed。 The forty…one ribs are each 4 feet long; and

1/2 inch square。 A roll of No。 12 piano wire; twenty…four

sockets; a package of small copper tacks; a pot of glue;

and similar accessories will be required。 The entire

cost of this material should not exceed 20。 The wood

and cloth will be the two largest items; and these should

not cost more than 10。 This leaves 10 for the varnish;

wire; tacks; glue; and other incidentals。 This estimate

is made for cost of materials only; it being taken for

granted that the experimenter will construct his own

glider。 Should the services of a carpenter be required

the total cost will probably approximate 60 or 70。



Application of the Rudders。



The figures given also include the expense of rudders;

but the details of these have not been included as the

glider is really complete without them。 Some of the best

flights the writer ever saw were made by Mr。 A。 M。 Herring in a

glider without a rudder; and yet there can

be no doubt that a rudder; properly proportioned and

placed; especially a rear rudder; is of great value to the

aviator as it keeps the machine with its head to the

wind; which is the only safe position for a novice。 For

initial educational purposes; however; a rudder is not

essential as the glides will; or should; be made on level

ground; in moderate; steady wind currents; and at a

modest elevation。 The addition of a rudder; therefore;

may well be left until the aviator has become reasonably

expert in the management of his machine。



Putting the Machine Together。



Having obtained the necessary material; the first move

is to have the rib pieces steamed and curved。 This curve

may be slight; about 2 inches for the 4 feet。 While

this is being done the other parts should be carefully

rounded so the square edges will be taken off。 This

may be done with sand paper。 Next apply a coat of

shellac; and when dry rub it down thoroughly with fine

sand paper。 When the ribs are curved treat them in

the same way。



Lay two of the long horizontal frame pieces on the

floor 3 feet apart。 Between these place six of the strut

pieces。 Put one at each end; and each 4 1/2 feet put

another; leaving a 2…foot space in the center。 This will

give you four struts 4 1/2 feet apart; and two in the center

2 feet apart; as shown in the illustration。 This makes

five rectangles。 Be sure that the points of contact are

perfect; and that the struts are exactly at right angles

with the horizontal frames。 This is a most important

feature because if your frame 〃skews〃 or twists you

cannot keep it straight in the air。 Now glue the ends

of the struts to the frame pieces; using plenty of glue;

and nail on strips that will hold the frame in place while

the glue is drying。 The next day lash the joints together

firmly with the shoe thread; winding it as you would to

mend a broken gun stock; and over each layer put a

coating of glue。 This done; the other frame pieces and

struts may be treated in the same way; and you will thus

get the foundations for the two planes。



Another Way of Placing Struts。



In the machines built for professional use a stronger

and more certain form of construction is desired。 This

is secured by the placing the struts for the lower plane

under the frame piece; and those for the upper plane

over it; allowing them in each instance to come out flush

with the outer edges of the frame pieces。 They are then

securely fastened with a tie plate or clamp which passes

over the end of the strut and is bound firmly against

the surface of the frame piece by the eye bolts of the

stanchion sockets。



Placing the Rib Pieces。



Take one of the frames and place on it the ribs; with

the arched side up; letting one end of the ribs come

flush with the front edge of the forward frame; and the

other end projecting about a foot beyond the rear frame。

The manner of fastening the ribs to the frame pieces is

optional。 In some cases they are lashed with shoe

thread; and in others clamped with a metal clamp fastened

with 1/2…inch wood screws。 Where clamps and

screws are used care should be taken to make slight

holes in the wood with an awl before starting the screws

so as to lessen any tendency to split the wood。 On the

top frame; twenty…one ribs placed one foot apart will be

required。 On the lower frame; because of the opening

left for the operator's body; you will need only twenty。



Joining the Two Frames。



The two frames must now be joined together。 For this

you will need twenty…four aluminum or iron sockets

which may be purchased at a foundry or hardware shop。

These sockets; as the name implies; provide a receptacle

in which the end of a stanchion is firmly held; and have

flanges with holes for eye…bolts which hold them firmly

to the frame pieces; and also serve to hold the guy wires。

In addition to these eye…bolt holes there are two others

through which screws are fastened into the frame pieces。

On the front frame piece of the bottom plane place six

sockets; beginning at the end of the frame; and locating

them exactly opposite the struts。 Screw the sockets into

position with wood screws; and then put the 

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