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flying machines-第38章

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three stops; Etampes; France; September 8; Nieuport Machine;

778。45 miles; with one passenger; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; October

2; Etrich Machine; 155。34 miles; with two passengers; Lieut。

Bier; Austria; October 4; Etrich Machine; 69。59 miles; with three

passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin

Machine; 31。06 miles; with four passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims;

France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 15。99 miles。



Greatest Duration Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;

France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 11 hours; 1 minute; 29

seconds; E。 Helen; three stops; Etampes; France; September 8;

Nieuport Machine; 14 hours; 7 minutes; 50 seconds; 13 hours; 17

minutes net time; with one passenger; Suvelack; Johannisthal;

Germany; December 8; 4 hours; 23 minutes; with two passengers; T。

de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; New York; September 26;

Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds; with

three passengers; Warchalowski; Wiener…Neustadt; Aust。; October

30; 45 minutes; 46 seconds; with four passengers; G。 Busson;

Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 17 minutes; 28 1…5

seconds。



Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneGarros; St。 Malo; France;

September 4; Bleriot Machine; 13;362 feet; with one passenger;

Prevost; Courcy; France; December 2; 9;840 feet; with two

passengers; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; Etrich Machine; 4;010 feet。



AMERICAN RECORDS。



Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator

AloneA。 Leblanc; Belmont Park; N。 Y。; October 29; Bleriot

Machine; 67。87 miles; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…White;

Squantum; Mass。; September 4; Nieuport Machine; 63。23 miles; with

two passengers; T。 O。 M。 Sopwith; Chicago; Ill。; August 15;

Wright Machine; 34。96 miles。



Greatest Distance Aviator AloneSt。 Croix Johnstone; Mineola;

N。 Y。; July 27; Moisant (Bleriot Type) Machine; 176。23 miles。



Greatest Duration Aviator AloneHoward W。 Gill; Kinloch; Mo。;

October 19; Wright Machine; 4 hours; 16 minutes; 35 seconds; with

one passenger; G。 W。 Beatty; Chicago; Ill。; August 19; Wright

Machine; 3 hours; 42 minutes; 22 1…5 seconds; with two

passengers; T。 de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September

26; Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds。



Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneL。 Beachy; Chicago; Ill。; August

20; Curtiss Machine; 11;642 feet; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…

White; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September 30; Nieuport Machine;

3;347 feet。



Weight CarryingP。 O。 Parmelee; Chicago; III。; August 19;

Wright Machine; 458 lbs。



AVIATION DEVELOPMENT。



The wonderful progress made in the science of aviation

during the year 1911 far surpasses any twelve months' advancement

recorded。 The advancement has not been confined to any country or

continent; since every part of the world is taking its part in

aviation history making。



The rapidly increasing interest in aviation has brought

forth schools for the instruction of flying in both the old and

new world; and licensed air pilots before they receive their

sanctions from the governing aero clubs of their country are

required to pass an extremely trying examination in actual

flights。 Exhibition flights and races were common in all

parts of the world during 1911; and touring aviators visited

India; China; Japan; South Africa; Australia and South

America; giving exhibitions and instruction。



Europe was the scene of a number of cross…country races

in which entries ranging from ten to twenty aviators flew

from city to city around a given circuit; which in some

instances exceeded 1;000 miles in distance。 Cross…country

flights with and without passengers became so common that

those of less than two hours' duration attracted little

attention。 There were fewer attempts at high altitude soaring;

although the world's record in this department of aviation

was bettered several times。 In place of these high flights; the

aviators devoted more attention to speed; duration and

spectacular manoeuvres; which appeared to satisfy the spectators。

The prize money won during 1911 exceeded 1;000;000; but

owing to the increased number of aviators the individual

winnings were not as large as in 1910。



It is estimated that within the past twelve months more

than 300;000 miles have been covered in aeroplane flights

and more than seven thousand persons; classed either as

aviators or passengers; taken up into the air。 The aeroplane

of today ranges through monoplane; biplane; triplane and

even quadraplane; and more than two hundred types of these

machines are in use。



Aeroplanes are becoming a factor of international commerce。

The records of the Bureau of Statistics show that

more than 50;000 worth of aeroplanes were imported into;

and exported from; the United States in the months of July;

August and September; 1911。 The Bureau of Statistics only

began the maintenance of a separate record of this comparatively

new article of commerce with the opening of the fiscal

year 1911…12。



Two of the prominent developments of 1911 were the

introduction of the hydro…aeroplane and the motorless glider

experiments of the Wright brothers at Killdevil Hills; N。 C。;

where during the two weeks' experiments numerous flights

with and against the wind were made; culminating in the

establishing of a record by Orville Wright on October 25;

1911; when in a 52…mile per hour blow he reached an elevation

of 225 feet and remained in the air 10 minutes and 34

seconds。 The search for the secret of automatic stability

still continues; and though some remarkable progress has

been made the solution has not yet been reached。



NOTABLE CROSS…COUNTRY FLIGHTS OF 1911。



One of the important features of 1911 in aviation was the

rapid increase in the number and distance of cross…country

flights made either for the purpose of exhibition; testing;

instruction or pleasure。 Flights between cities in almost every

country of the world became common occurrences。 So great

was the number that only those of more than ordinary importance

because of speed; distance or duration are recorded。

The flights of Harry N。 Atwood from Boston to Washington

and from St。 Louis to New York; and C。 P。 Rodgers from

New York to Los Angeles were the most important events

of the kind in this country。 The St Louis to New York flight

was a distance by air route; 1;266 miles。 Duration of flight;

12 days。 Net flying time; 28 hours 53 minutes。 Average

daily flight; 105。5 miles。 Average speed; 43。9 miles per hour。



Transcontinental Flight of Calbraith P。 Rodgers。All

world records for cross…country flying were broken during

the New York to Los Angeles flight of Calbraith P。 Rodgers;

who left Sheepshead Bay; N。 Y。; on Sunday; September 17;

1911; and completed his flight to the Pacific Coast on Sunday;

November 5; at Pasadena; Cal。 Rodgers flew a Wright biplane;

and during his long trip the machine was repeatedly

repaired; so great was the strain of the long journey in the

air。 Rodgers is estimated to have covered 4;231 miles;

although the actual route as mapped out was but 4;017 miles。

Elapsed time to Pasadena; Cal。; 49 days; actual time in the

air; 4;924 minutes; equivalent to 3 days 10 hours 4 minutes;

average speed approximating 51 miles per hour。 Rodgers'

longest flight in one day was from Sanderson to Sierra Blanca;

Texas; on October 28; when he covered 231 miles。 On November

12; Rodgers fell at Compton; Cal。; and was badly injured;

causing a delay of 28 days。



European Circuit Race。Started from Paris on June 18;

1911。 Distance; 1;073 miles; via Paris to Liege; Liege to Spa

to Liege; Liege to Utrecht; Holland; Utrecht to Brussels;

Belgium; Brussels to Roubaix; Roubaix to Calais; Calais to

London; London to Calais and Calais to Paris。 Three aeronauts

were killed either at the start or shortly after the race

was in progress。 They were Capt。 Princetau; M。 Le Martin

and M。 Lendron。 Three others wer

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