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第36章

flying machines-第36章

小说: flying machines 字数: 每页4000字

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they may be taken apart easily for convenience in housing or

transportation。 The main plane is built upon four transverse

spars of ash; set at a slight dihedral angle; two being placed on

each side of the central bamboo。 These spars are about 2 inches

wide by 1 1/8…inch deep for a few feet each side of the center of

the machine; and from there taper down to an inch in depth

at the center bamboo; and at their outer ends; but the width

remains the same throughout their entire length。 The planes

are double surfaced with silk and laced above and below the

bamboo ribs which run fore and aft under the main spars and

terminate in a forked clip through which a wire is strung for

lacing on the silk。 The tail consists of a horizontal and

vertical

surface placed on a universal joint about 10 feet back of

the rear edge of the main plane。 Both of these surfaces are

flat and consist of a silk covering stretched upon bamboo ribs。

The horizontal surface is 6 feet 5 inches across; and 4 feet 9

inches from front to back。 The vertical surface is of the same

width (6 feet 5 inches) but is only 3 feet 7 inches from front

to back。 All the details of construction are shown in the

accompanying illustration。



Power is furnished by a very light (110 pounds) Darracq

motor; of the double…opposed…cylinder type。 It has a bore of

4。118 inches; and stroke of 4。724 inches; runs at 1;800 r。 p。 m。;

and with a 6 1/2…foot propeller develops a thrust of 242 1/2

pounds

when the monoplane is held steady。



BleriotNo。 XI; the latest of the Bleriot productions; and

the greatest record maker of the lot; is 28 feet in spread of

main

plane; and depth of 6 feet in largest part。 This would give a

main surface of 168 square feet; but as the ends of the plane

are sharply tapered from the rear; the actual surface is reduced

to 150 square feet。 Projecting from the main frame is an

elongated tail (shown in the illustration) which carries the

horizontal and vertical rudders。 The former is made in three

sections。 The center piece is 6 feet 1 inch in spread; and 2 feet

10 inches in depth; containing 17 square feet of surface。 The

end sections; which are made movable for warping purposes;

are each 2 feet 10 inches square; the combined surface area in

the entire horizontal rudder being 33 square feet。 The vertical

rudder contains 4 1/2 square feet of surface; making the entire

supporting area 187 1/2 square feet。



From the outer end of the propeller shaft in front to the extreme

rear edge of the vertical rudder; the machine is 25 feet

deep。 Deducting the 6…foot depth of the main plane leaves 19

feet as the length of the rudder beam and rudders。 The motor

equipment consists of a 3…cylinder; air…cooled engine of about

30 h。 p。 placed at the front end of the body frame; and carrying

on its crankshaft a two…bladed propeller 6 feet 8 inches in

diameter。 The engine speed is about 1;250 r。 p。 m。 at which

the propeller develops a thrust of over 200 pounds。



The Bleriot XI complete weighs 484 pounds; and with

operator and fuel supply ready for a 25… or 30…mile flight; 715

pounds。 One peculiarity of the Bleriot construction is that;

while the ribs of the main plane are curved; there is no

preliminary

bending of the pieces as in other forms of construction。

Bleriot has his rib pieces cut a little longer than required

and; by springing them into place; secures the necessary

curvature。 A good view of the Bleriot plane framework is

given on page 63。



Combined Triplane and Biplane。



At Norwich; Conn。; the Stebbins…Geynet Co。; after several

years of experiment; has begun the manufacture of a combination

triplane and biplane machine。 The center plane; which is

located about midway between the upper and lower surfaces;

is made removable。 The change from triplane to biplane; or

vice versa; may be readily made in a few minutes。 The

constructors

claim for this type of air craft a large supporting

surface area with the minimum of dimensions in planes。 Although

this machine has only 24…foot spread and is only 26

feet over all; its total amount of supporting area is 400 square

feet; weight; 600 pounds in flying order; and lifting capacity

approximately 700 pounds more。



The frame is made entirely of a selected grade of Oregon

spruce; finished down to a smooth surface and varnished。 All

struts are fish…shaped and set in aluminum sockets; which are

bolted to top and lower beams with special strong bolts of

small diameter。 The middle plane is set inside the six uprights

and held in place by aluminum castings。 A flexible twisted

seven…strand wire cable and Stebbins…Geynet turnbuckles are

used for trussing。



The top plane is in three sections; laced together。 It has a

24…foot spread and is 7 feet in depth。 The middle plane is in

two sections each of 7 1/2 feet spread and 6 feet in depth。 The

center ends of the middle plane sections do not come within

5 feet of joining; this open space being left for the engine。

The bottom plane is of 16 feet spread and 5 feet in depth。 It

will thus be seen that the planes overhang one another in depth;

the bottom one being the smallest in this respect。 The planes

are set at an angle of 9 degrees; and there is a clear space of 3

1/2 feet between each; making the total distance from the bottom

to the top plane a trifle over 7 feet。 The total supporting

surface in the main planes is 350 square feet。 By arranging the

three plane surfaces at an angle as described and varying their

size; the greatest amount of lifting area is secured above the

center of gravity; and the greatest weight carried below。



The ribs are made of laminated spruce; finished down to

1/2x3/4…inch cross section dimensions; with a curvature of about

1 in 20; and fastened to the beams with special aluminum

castings。

Number 2 Naiad aeroplane cloth is used in covering the

planes; with pockets sewn in for the ribs。



Two combination elevating rudders are set up well in front;

each having 18 square feet of supporting area。 These rudders

are arranged to work in unison; independently; or in opposite

directions。 In the Model B machine; there are also two small

rear elevating rudders; which work in unison with the front

rudders。 One vertical rudder of 10 square feet is suspended

in the rear of a small stationary horizontal plane in Model A;

while the vertical rudder on Model B is only 6 square feet in

size。 The elevating rudders are arranged so as to act as

stabilizing

planes when the machine is in flight。 The wing tips are

held in place with a special two…piece casting which forms a

hinge; and makes a quick detachable joint。 Wing tips are also

used in balancing。



Model A is equipped with a Cameron 25…30 h。 p。; 4…cylinder;

air…cooled motor。 On Model B a Holmes rotary 7…cylinder

motor of 4x4…inch bore and stroke is used。



Positive control is secured by use of the Stebbins…Geynet

〃auto…control〃 system。 A pull or push movement operates the

elevating rudders; while the balancing is done by means of

side movements or slight turns。 The rear vertical rudder is

manipulated by means of a foot lever。



New Cody Biplane。



Among the comparatively new biplanes is one constructed by

Willard F。 Cody; of London; Eng。; the principal distinctive

feature of which is an automaticcontrol which works independently

of the hand levers。 For the other control a long lever

carrying a steering wheel furnishes all the necessary control

movements; there being no footwork at all。 The lever is

universally jointed and when moved fore and aft operates the

two ailerons as if they were one; when the shaft is rotated it

moves the tail as a whole。 The horizontal tail component is

immovable。 When the lever is moved from side to side it works

not only the ailerons and the independent elevators; but also

through a peculiar arrangement; the vertical rear rudder as well。



The spread of the planes is 46 feet 6 inches 

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