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第18章

flying machines-第18章

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How It Works In the Air。



If the equilibrium of an airship is disturbed to an

extent which completely overcomes the center of gravity

it falls according to the location of the displacement。

If this displacement; for instance; is at either end the

apparatus falls endways; if it is to the front or rear; the

fall is in the corresponding direction。



Owing to uncertain air currentsthe air is continually

shifting and eddying; especially within a hundred feet or

so of the earththe equilibrium of an airship is almost

constantly being disturbed to some extent。 Even if this

disturbance is not serious enough to bring on a fall it

interferes with the progress of the machine; and should

be overcome at once。 This is one of the things connected

with aerial navigation which calls for prompt;

intelligent action。



Frequently; when the displacement is very slight; it

may be overcome; and the craft immediately righted by

a mere shifting of the operator's body。 Take; for illustration;

a case in which the extreme right end of the

machine becomes lowered a trifle from the normal level。

It is possible to bring it back into proper position by

leaning over to the left far enough to shift the weight

to the counter…balancing point。 The same holds good as

to minor front or rear displacements。



When Planes Must Be Used。



There are other displacements; however; and these are

the most frequent; which can be only overcome by manipulation of

the stabilizing planes。 The method of procedure

depends upon the form of machine in use。 The

Wright machine; as previously explained; is equipped

with plane ends which are so contrived as to admit of

their being warped (position changed) by means of the

lever control。 These flexible tip planes move simultaneously;

but in opposite directions。 As those on one end

rise; those on the other end fall below the level of the

main plane。 By this means air is displaced at one point;

and an increased amount secured in another。



This may seem like a complicated system; but its

workings are simple when once understood。 It is by

the manipulation or warping of these flexible tips that

transverse stability is maintained; and any tendency to

displacement endways is overcome。 Longitudinal stability

is governed by means of the front rudder。



Stabilizing planes of some form are a feature; and a

necessary feature; on all flying machines; but the methods

of application and manipulation vary according to the

individual ideas of the inventors。 They all tend; however;

toward the same endthe keeping of the machine

perfectly level when being navigated in the air。



When to Make a Flight。



A beginner should never attempt to make a flight

when a strong wind is blowing。 The fiercer the wind;

the more likely it is to be gusty and uncertain; and the

more difficult it will be to control the machine。 Even

the most experienced and daring of aviators find there

is a limit to wind speed against which they dare not

compete。 This is not because they lack courage; but

have the sense to realize that it would be silly and useless。



The novice will find a comparatively still day; or one

when the wind is blowing at not to exceed 15 miles an

hour; the best for his experiments。 The machine will be

more easily controlled; the trip will be safer; and also

cheaper as the consumption of fuel increases with the

speed of the wind against which the aeroplane is forced。







CHAPTER XIII。



PECULIARITIES OF AIRSHIP POWER。



As a general proposition it takes much more power to

propel an airship a given number of miles in a certain

time than it does an automobile carrying a far heavier

load。 Automobiles with a gross load of 4;000 pounds;

and equipped with engines of 30 horsepower; have travelled

considerable distances at the rate of 50 miles an

hour。 This is an equivalent of about 134 pounds per

horsepower。 For an average modern flying machine;

with a total load; machine and passengers; of 1;200

pounds; and equipped with a 50…horsepower engine; 50

miles an hour is the maximum。 Here we have the equivalent

of exactly 24 pounds per horsepower。 Why this

great difference?



No less an authority than Mr。 Octave Chanute answers

the question in a plain; easily understood manner。 He

says:



〃In the case of an automobile the ground furnishes a

stable support; in the case of a flying machine the engine

must furnish the support and also velocity by which the

apparatus is sustained in the air。〃



Pressure of the Wind。



Air pressure is a big factor in the matter of aeroplane

horsepower。 Allowing that a dead calm exists; a body

moving in the atmosphere creates more or less resistance。

The faster it moves; the greater is this resistance。

Moving at the rate of 60 miles an hour the resistance;

or wind pressure; is approximately 50 pounds to the

square foot of surface presented。 If the moving object

is advancing at a right angle to the wind the following

table will give the horsepower effect of the resistance

per square foot of surface at various speeds。



                  Horse Power

Miles per Hour    per sq。 foot

10             0。013

15             0 044

20             0。105

25             0。205

30             0。354

40             0。84

50             1。64

60             2。83

80             6。72

100            13。12



While the pressure per square foot at 60 miles an hour;

is only 1。64 horsepower; at 100 miles; less than double

the speed; it has increased to 13。12 horsepower; or exactly

eight times as much。 In other words the pressure

of the wind increases with the square of the velocity。

Wind at 10 miles an hour has four times more pressure

than wind at 5 miles an hour。



How to Determine Upon Power。



This element of air resistance must be taken into consideration

in determining the engine horsepower required。

When the machine is under headway sufficient

to raise it from the ground (about 20 miles an hour);

each square foot of surface resistance; will require nearly

nine…tenths of a horsepower to overcome the wind pressure;

and propel the machine through the air。 As

shown in the table the ratio of power required increases

rapidly as the speed increases until at 60 miles an hour

approximately 3 horsepower is needed。



In a machine like the Curtiss the area of wind…exposed

surface is about 15 square feet。 On the basis of this

resistance moving the machine at 40 miles an hour would

require 12 horsepower。 This computation covers only

the machine's power to overcome resistance。 It does

not cover the power exerted in propelling the machine

forward after the air pressure is overcome。 To meet

this important requirement Mr。 Curtiss finds it necessary

to use a 50…horsepower engine。 Of this power; as

has been already stated; 12 horsepower is consumed

in meeting the wind pressure; leaving 38 horsepower

for the purpose of making progress。



The flying machine must move faster than the air to

which it is opposed。 Unless it does this there can be no

direct progress。 If the two forces are equal there is no

straight…ahead advancement。 Take; for sake of illustration;

a case in which an aeroplane; which has developed a

speed of 30 miles an hour; meets a wind velocity of

equal force moving in an opposite direction。 What is

the result? There can be no advance because it is a

contest between two evenly matched forces。 The aeroplane

stands still。 The only way to get out of the difficulty

is for the operator to wait for more favorable conditions;

or bring his machine to the ground in the usual

manner by manipulation of the control system。



Take another case。 An aeroplane; capable of making

50 miles an hour in a calm; is met by a head wind of 25

miles an hour。 How much progress does the aeroplane

make? Obviously it is 25 miles an hour over the ground。



Put the proposition in still another wa

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