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In¡¡the¡¡former¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡from¡¡1£»100¡¡to¡¡1£»200¡¡pounds

is¡¡sustained¡¡and¡¡advance¡¡progress¡¡made¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of

40¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡and¡¡more£»¡¡with¡¡half¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡speed

of¡¡a¡¡25¡¡horse¡­power¡¡motor¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡sustaining

capacity¡¡of¡¡48¡¡pounds¡¡per¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡actual

capacity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡stated£»¡¡is¡¡50

pounds¡¡per¡¡horsepower¡£



The¡¡Voisin¡¡machine£»¡¡with¡¡aviator£»¡¡weighs¡¡about¡¡1£»370

pounds£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡operated¡¡with¡¡a¡¡so¡­horsepower¡¡motor¡£

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with¡¡double¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡energy£»¡¡the¡¡lifting¡¡capacity¡¡is

only¡¡27¡¡1/2¡¡¡¡pounds¡¡per¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡To¡¡what¡¡shall¡¡we

charge¡¡this¡¡remarkable¡¡difference£¿¡¡The¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the

planes¡¡is¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡in¡¡both¡¡machines¡¡so¡¡there

is¡¡no¡¡advantage¡¡in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡supporting¡¡area¡£



Comparison¡¡of¡¡Two¡¡Designs¡£



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two¡¡blades¡¡each¡¡£¨each¡¡blade¡¡having¡¡a¡¡decided¡¡¡¨twist¡¨£©

are¡¡used¡£¡¡As¡¡one¡¡25¡¡horsepower¡¡motor¡¡drives¡¡both¡¡propellers¡¡the

engine¡¡energy¡¡amounts¡¡to¡¡just¡¡one¡­half¡¡of

this¡¡for¡¡each£»¡¡or¡¡12¡¡1/2¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡energy¡¡is

utilized¡¡at¡¡one¡­half¡¡the¡¡normal¡¡engine¡¡speed¡£



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very¡¡slight¡¡¡¨twist¡¨¡¡to¡¡the¡¡blade¡¡surfaces¡£¡¡The¡¡full¡¡energy

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Why¡¡should¡¡there¡¡be¡¡such¡¡a¡¡marked¡¡difference¡¡in

the¡¡results¡¡obtained£¿¡¡Who¡¡knows£¿¡¡Some¡¡experts

maintain¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡because¡¡there¡¡are¡¡two¡¡propellers¡¡on

the¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡only¡¡one¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Voisin£»¡¡and

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are¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡size¡£¡¡Propulsive¡¡power¡¡depends¡¡upon

the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡air¡¡displaced£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡energy¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the

thrust¡¡which¡¡displaces¡¡the¡¡air¡£



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be¡¡traced¡¡to¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡in¡¡blade¡¡design£»¡¡especially

in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡¡¨twist¡£¡¨



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the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplanes¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are¡¡used¡£

A¡¡propeller£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡which¡¡gives¡¡excellent¡¡results

on¡¡one¡¡type¡¡of¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡will¡¡not¡¡work¡¡satisfactorily¡¡on

another¡£



There¡¡are¡¡some¡¡features£»¡¡however£»¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡safely

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a¡¡diameter¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡blade¡¡area¡¡10¡¡to¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent

of¡¡the¡¡area¡¡swept£»¡¡pitch¡¡four¡­fifths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡diameter£»

rotation¡¡slow¡£¡¡The¡¡maximum¡¡of¡¡thrust¡¡effort¡¡will¡¡be¡¡thus

obtained¡£







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PROPER¡¡DIMENSIONS¡¡OF¡¡MACHINES¡£



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to¡¡decide¡¡upon¡¡is¡¡the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plane¡¡surfaces¡£¡¡The

proportions¡¡of¡¡these¡¡must¡¡be¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡load¡¡to¡¡be

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feet

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Voisin¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡8¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£6



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from¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡front¡¡auxiliary¡¡plane¡¡to

the¡¡extreme¡¡tip¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡is¡¡stated¡£¡¡Thus¡¡while¡¡the

dimensions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine

are¡¡41¡¡feet¡¡spread¡¡by¡¡6¡¡1/2¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth£»¡¡the¡¡depth¡¡over

all¡¡is¡¡30¡£7¡£



Figuring¡¡Out¡¡the¡¡Details¡£



With¡¡this¡¡data¡¡as¡¡a¡¡guide¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡comparatively

easy¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡required¡£

In¡¡arriving¡¡at¡¡the¡¡maximum¡¡lifting¡¡capacity¡¡the

weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡must¡¡be¡¡added¡£¡¡Assuming¡¡this

to¡¡average¡¡170¡¡pounds¡¡the¡¡method¡¡of¡¡procedure¡¡would¡¡be

as¡¡follows£º



Add¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡to¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the

complete¡¡machine¡£¡¡The¡¡new¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡complete

weighs¡¡900¡¡pounds¡£¡¡This£»¡¡plus¡¡170£»¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the

operator£»¡¡gives¡¡a¡¡total¡¡of¡¡1£»070¡¡pounds¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡538

square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡supporting¡¡surface£»¡¡or¡¡practically¡¡one

square¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡area¡¡to¡¡each¡¡two¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡load¡£



There¡¡are¡¡some¡¡machines£»¡¡notably¡¡the¡¡Bleriot£»¡¡in¡¡which

the¡¡supporting¡¡power¡¡is¡¡much¡¡greater¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡latter

instance¡¡we¡¡find¡¡a¡¡surface¡¡area¡¡of¡¡150¡¡1/2¡¡square¡¡feet

carrying¡¡a¡¡load¡¡of¡¡680¡¡plus¡¡170£»¡¡or¡¡an¡¡aggregate¡¡of¡¡850

pounds¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡equivalent¡¡of¡¡five¡¡pounds¡¡to¡¡the

square¡¡foot¡£¡¡This¡¡ratio¡¡is¡¡phenomenally¡¡large£»¡¡and

should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡as¡¡a¡¡guide¡¡by¡¡amateurs¡£



The¡¡Matter¡¡of¡¡Passengers¡£



These¡¡deductions¡¡are¡¡based¡¡on¡¡each¡¡machine¡¡carrying

one¡¡passenger£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡admittedly¡¡the¡¡limit¡¡at¡¡present

of¡¡the¡¡monoplanes¡¡like¡¡those¡¡operated¡¡for¡¡record¡­making

purposes¡¡by¡¡Santos¡­Dumont¡¡and¡¡Bleriot¡£¡¡The¡¡biplanes£»

however£»¡¡have¡¡a¡¡two¡­passenger¡¡capacity£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡adds

materially¡¡to¡¡the¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡their¡¡weight¡­sustaining

power¡¡as¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡area¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡following

statement¡¡all¡¡the¡¡machines¡¡are¡¡figured¡¡on¡¡the

one¡­passenger¡¡basis¡£¡¡Curtiss¡¡and¡¡Wright¡¡have¡¡carried

two¡¡passengers¡¡on¡¡numerous¡¡occasions£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡extra¡¡170

pounds¡¡should¡¡therefore¡¡be¡¡added¡¡to¡¡the¡¡total¡¡weight

carried£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡materially¡¡increase¡¡the¡¡capacity¡£

Even¡¡with¡¡the¡¡two¡­passenger¡¡load¡¡the¡¡limit¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no

means¡¡reached£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡experiments¡¡have¡¡gone¡¡no¡¡further

it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡make¡¡more¡¡accurate¡¡figures¡£



Average¡¡Proportions¡¡of¡¡Load¡£



It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡interesting£»¡¡before¡¡proceeding¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡out¡¡the

dimension¡¡details£»¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡comparison¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proportion

of¡¡load¡¡effect¡¡with¡¡the¡¡supporting¡¡surfaces¡¡of¡¡various

well¡­known¡¡machines¡£¡¡Here¡¡are¡¡the¡¡figures£º



Santos¡­DumontA¡¡trifle¡¡under¡¡four¡¡pounds¡¡per¡¡square

foot¡£



BleriotFive¡¡pounds¡£



R¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡P¡£Five¡¡pounds¡£



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