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Flying Machines: Construction and Operation



W。J。 Jackman and Thos。 H。 Russell







A Practical Book Which Shows; in Illustrations;

Working Plans and Text; How to Build and Navigate the

Modern Airship。



By

W。J。 Jackman; M。E。;

Author of 〃A B C of the Motorcycle;〃

〃Facts for Motorists;〃 etc。 etc。



AND



THOS。 H。 RUSSELL; A。M。; M。E。;

Charter Member of the Aero Club of Illinois; Author of

〃History of the Automobile;〃 〃Motor Boats: Construction

and Operation;〃 etc。 etc。



WITH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER BY

OCTAVE CHANUTE; C。E。;

President Aero Club of Illinois



1912







PREFACE。



This book is written for the guidance of the novice in

aviationthe man who seeks practical information as to

the theory; construction and operation of the modern

flying machine。 With this object in view the wording

is intentionally plain and non…technical。 It contains some

propositions which; so far as satisfying the experts is

concerned; might doubtless be better stated in technical

terms; but this would defeat the main purpose of its preparation。

Consequently; while fully aware of its shortcomings

in this respect; the authors have no apologies to make。



In the stating of a technical proposition so it may be

clearly understood by people not versed in technical matters

it becomes absolutely necessary to use language

much different from that which an expert would employ;

and this has been done in this volume。



No man of ordinary intelligence can read this book

without obtaining a clear; comprehensive knowledge of

flying machine construction and operation。 He will

learn; not only how to build; equip; and manipulate an

aeroplane in actual flight; but will also gain a thorough

understanding of the principle upon which the suspension

in the air of an object much heavier than the air is made

possible。



This latter feature should make the book of interest

even to those who have no intention of constructing or

operating a flying machine。 It will enable them to better

understand and appreciate the performances of the

daring men like the Wright brothers; Curtiss; Bleriot;

Farman; Paulhan; Latham; and others; whose bold experiments

have made aviation an actuality。



For those who wish to engage in the fascinating pastime

of construction and operation it is intended as a

reliable; practical guide。



It may be well to explain that the sub…headings in the

articles by Mr。 Chanute were inserted by the authors

without his knowledge。 The purpose of this was merely

to preserve uniformity in the typography of the book。

This explanation is made in justice to Mr。 Chanute。

                                           THE AUTHORS。







IN MEMORIAM。



Octave Chanute; 〃the father of the modern flying machine;〃

died at his home in Chicago on November 23; 1910;

at the age of 72 years。 His last work in the interest of

aviation was to furnish the introductory chapter to the first

edition of this volume; and to render valuable assistance

in the handling of the various subjects。 He even made the

trip from his home to the office of the publishers one

inclement day last spring; to look over the proofs of the

book and; at his suggestion; several important changes were

made。 All this was 〃a labor of love〃 on Mr。 Chanute's

part。 He gave of his time and talents freely because he

was enthusiastic in the cause of aviation; and because he

knew the authors of this book and desired to give them

material aid in the preparation of the worka favor that

was most sincerely appreciated。





The authors desire to make acknowledgment of many courtesies

in the way of valuable advice; information; etc。; extended by Mr。

Octave Chanute; C。 E。; Mr。 E。 L。 Jones; Editor of Aeronautics;

and the publishers of; the New England Automobile Journal and

Fly。







CONTENTS



Chapter



I。    Evolution of the Two…Surface Flying Machine

          Introductory Chapter by Octave Chanute; C。 E。

II。   Theory Development and Use

          Origin of the AeroplaneDevelopments by Chanute

          and the WrightsPractical Uses and Limits。

III。  Mechanical Bird Action

          What the Motor DoesPuzzle in Bird Soaring。

IV。   Various Forms of Flying Machines

          Helicopters; Ornithopters and Aeroplanes

          Monoplanes; Biplanes and Triplanes。

V。    Constructing a Gliding Machine

          Plans and Materials RequiredEstimate of Cost

          Sizes and Preparation of Various PartsPutting the

          Parts Together

VI。   Learning to Fly

          How to Use the GliderEffect of Body Movements

          Rules for BeginnersSafest Place to Glide。

VII。  Putting On the Rudder

          Its Construction; Application and Use。

VIII。 The Real Flying Machine

          Surface Area RequiredProper Size of Frame and

          AuxiliariesInstallation of MotorCost of

          Constructing Machine。

IX。   Selection of the Motor

          Essential FeaturesMultiplicity of CylindersPower

          RequiredKind and Action of PropellersPlacing

          of the Motor

X。    Proper Dimensions of Machines

          Figuring Out the DetailsHow to Estimate Load

          CapacityDistribution of the WeightMeasurements

          of Leading Machines。

XI。   Plane and Rudder Control

          Various Methods in UseWheels and Hand and

          Foot Levers

XII。  How to Use the Machine

          Rules of Leading AviatorsRising from the Ground

          Reasonable AltitudePreserving Equilibrium

          Learning to Steer。

XIII。 Peculiarities of Aeroplane Power 

          Pressure of the WindHow to Determine Upon

          PowerWhy Speed Is RequiredBird find Flying

          Machine Areas。

XIV。  About Wind Currents; Etc。

          Uncertainty of Direct ForceTrouble With Gusty

          CurrentsWhy Bird Action Is Imitated。

XV。   The Element of Danger

          Risk Small Under Proper ConditionsTwo Fields

          of SafetyLessons in Recent Accidents。

XVI。  Radical Changes Being Made

          Results of Recent ExperimentsNew Dimensions

          Increased SpeedThe One Governing Rule。

XVII。 Some of the New Designs

          ?Automatic Control of Plane StabilityInventor

          Herring's DevicesNovel Ideas of Students。

XVIII。 Demand for Flying Machines

          Wonderful Results in a YearFactories Over…

          crowded with Orders。

XIX。   Law of the Airship

          Rights of Property OwnersSome Legal

          PeculiaritiesDanger of Trespass。

XX。     Soaring Flight

XXI。    Flying Machines vs。 Balloons

XXII。   Problems of Aerial Fligh

XXIII。  Amateurs May Use Wright Patents

XXIV。   Hints on Propeller Construction

XXV。    New Motors and Devices

XXVI。   Monoplanes; Triplanes; Multiplanes

XXVII。  Records of Various Kinds









FLYING MACHINES: CONSTRUCTION and OPERATION







CHAPTER I。 



EVOLUTION OF TWO…SURFACE FLYING MACHINE。



By Octave Chanute。





I am asked to set forth the development of the 〃two…

surface〃 type of flying machine which is now used with

modifications by Wright Brothers; Farman; '1'Delagrange;

Herring and others。





'1' Now dead。





This type originated with Mr。 F。 H。 Wenham; who

patented it in England in 1866 (No。 1571); taking out

provisional papers only。 In the abridgment of British

patent Aeronautical Specifications (1893) it is described

as follows:



〃Two or more aeroplanes are arranged one above the

other; and support a framework or car containing the

motive power。 The aeroplanes are made of silk or canvas

stretched on a frame by wooden rods or steel ribs。

When manual power is employed the body is placed

horizontally; and oars or propellers are actuated by the

arms or legs。



〃A start may be obtained by lowering the legs and

running down hill or the machine may be started from

a moving carriage。 One or more screw prope

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