on dreams-第3章

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when　first　started；　but　often；　too；　broken　into　other　forms　by



collisions　with　obstacles。　This　＇last　mentioned　point＇；　moreover；



gives　the　reason　why　no　dreams　occur　in　sleep　immediately　after　meals；



or　to　sleepers　who　are　extremely　young；　e。g。　to　infants。　The



internal　movement　in　such　cases　is　excessive；　owing　to　the　heat



generated　from　the　food。　Hence；　just　as　in　a　liquid；　if　one　vehemently



disturbs　it；　sometimes　no　reflected　image　appears；　while　at　other



times　one　appears；　indeed；　but　utterly　distorted；　so　as　to　seem



quite　unlike　its　original；　while；　when　once　the　motion　has　ceased；　the



reflected　images　are　clear　and　plain；　in　the　same　manner　during



sleep　the　phantasms；　or　residuary　movements；　which　are　based　upon



the　sensory　impressions；　become　sometimes　quite　obliterated　by　the



above　described　motion　when　too　violent；　while　at　other　times　the



sights　are　indeed　seen；　but　confused　and　weird；　and　the　dreams



＇which　then　appear＇　are　unhealthy；　like　those　of　persons　who　are



atrabilious；　or　feverish；　or　intoxicated　with　wine。　For　all　such



affections；　being　spirituous；　cause　much　commotion　and　disturbance。　In



sanguineous　animals；　in　proportion　as　the　blood　becomes　calm；　and　as



its　purer　are　separated　from　its　less　pure　elements；　the　fact　that　the



movement；　based　on　impressions　derived　from　each　of　the　organs　of



sense；　is　preserved　in　its　integrity；　renders　the　dreams　healthy；



causes　a　＇clear＇　image　to　present　itself；　and　makes　the　dreamer　think；



owing　to　the　effects　borne　in　from　the　organ　of　sight；　that　he



actually　sees；　and　owing　to　those　which　come　from　the　organ　of



hearing；　that　he　really　hears；　and　so　on　with　those　also　which　proceed



from　the　other　sensory　organs。　For　it　is　owing　to　the　fact　that　the



movement　which　reaches　the　primary　organ　of　sense　comes　from　them；



that　one　even　when　awake　believes　himself　to　see；　or　hear；　or



otherwise　perceive；　just　as　it　is　from　a　belief　that　the　organ　of



sight　is　being　stimulated；　though　in　reality　not　so　stimulated；　that



we　sometimes　erroneously　declare　ourselves　to　see；　or　that；　from　the



fact　that　touch　announces　two　movements；　we　think　that　the　one



object　is　two。　For；　as　a　rule；　the　governing　sense　affirms　the



report　of　each　particular　sense；　unless　another　particular　sense；　more



authoritative；　makes　a　contradictory　report。　In　every　case　an



appearance　presents　itself；　but　what　appears　does　not　in　every　case



seem　real；　unless　when　the　deciding　faculty　is　inhibited；　or　does



not　move　with　its　proper　motion。　Moreover；　as　we　said　that　different



men　are　subject　to　illusions；　each　according　to　the　different



emotion　present　in　him；　so　it　is　that　the　sleeper；　owing　to　sleep；　and



to　the　movements　then　going　on　in　his　sensory　organs；　as　well　as　to



the　other　facts　of　the　sensory　process；　＇is　liable　to　illusion＇；　so



that　the　dream　presentation；　though　but　little　like　it；　appears　as



some　actual　given　thing。　For　when　one　is　asleep；　in　proportion　as　most



of　the　blood　sinks　inwards　to　its　fountain　＇the　heart＇；　the　internal



＇sensory＇　movements；　some　potential；　others　actual　accompany　it



inwards。　They　are　so　related　＇in　general＇　that；　if　anything　move　the



blood；　some　one　sensory　movement　will　emerge　from　it；　while　if　this



perishes　another　will　take　its　place；　while　to　one　another　also　they



are　related　in　the　same　way　as　the　artificial　frogs　in　water　which



severally　rise　＇in　fixed　succesion＇　to　the　surface　in　the　order　in



which　the　salt　＇which　keeps　them　down＇　becomes　dissolved。　The



residuary　movements　are　like　these：　they　are　within　the　soul



potentially；　but　actualize　themselves　only　when　the　impediment　to



their　doing　so　has　been　relaxed；　and　according　as　they　are　thus　set



free；　they　begin　to　move　in　the　blood　which　remains　in　the　sensory



organs；　and　which　is　now　but　scanty；　while　they　possess　verisimilitude



after　the　manner　of　cloud…shapes；　which　in　their　rapid　metamorphoses



one　compares　now　to　human　beings　and　a　moment　afterwards　to



centaurs。　Each　of　them　is　however；　as　has　been　said；　the　remnant　of



a　sensory　impression　taken　when　sense　was　actualizing　itself；　and　when



this；　the　true　impression；　has　departed；　its　remnant　is　still



immanent；　and　it　is　correct　to　say　of　it；　that　though　not　actually



Koriskos；　it　is　like　Koriskos。　For　when　the　person　was　actually



perceiving；　his　controlling　and　judging　sensory　faculty　did　not　call



it　Koriskos；　but；　prompted　by　this　＇impression＇；　called　the　genuine



person　yonder　Koriskos。　Accordingly；　this　sensory　impulse；　which；　when



actually　perceiving；　it　＇the　controlling　faculty＇　describes　（unless



completely　inhibited　by　the　blood）；　it　now　＇in　dreams＇　when



quasi…perceiving；　receives　from　the　movements　persisting　in　the



sense…organs；　and　mistakes　it…an　impulse　that　is　merely　like　the



true　＇objective＇　impression…for　the　true　impression　itself；　while



the　effect　of　sleep　is　so　great　that　it　causes　this　mistake　to　pass



unnoticed。　Accordingly；　just　as　if　a　finger　be　inserted　beneath　the



eyeball　without　being　observed；　one　object　will　not　only　present　two



visual　images；　but　will　create　an　opinion　of　its　being　two　objects；



while　if　it　＇the　finger＇　be　observed；　the　presentation　will　be　the



same；　but　the　same　opinion　will　not　be　formed　of　it；　exactly　so　it



is　in　states　of　sleep：　if　the　sleeper　perceives　that　he　is　asleep；　and



is　conscious　of　the　sleeping　state　during　which　the　perception　comes



before　his　mind；　it　presents　itself　still；　but　something　within　him



speaks　to　this　effect：　'the　image　of　Koriskos　presents　itself；　but　the



real　Koriskos　is　not　present'；　for　often；　when　one　is　asleep；　there　is



something　in　consciousness　which　declares　that　what　then　presents



itself　is　but　a　dream。　If；　however；　he　is　not　aware　of　being　asleep；



there　is　nothing　which　will　contradict　the　testimony　of　the　bare



presentation。



　　That　what　we　here　urge　is　true；　i。e。　that　there　are　such



presentative　movements　in　the　sensory　organs；　any　one　may　convince



himself；　if　he　attends　to　and　tries　to　remember　the　affections　we



experience　when　sinking　into　slumber　or　when　being　awakened。　He　will



sometimes；　in　the　moment　of　awakening；　surprise　the　images　which



present　themselves　to　him　in　sleep；　and　find　that　they　are　really



but　movements　lurking　in　the　organs　of　sense。　And　indeed　some　very



young　persons；　if　it　is　dark；　though　looking　with　wide　open　eyes；



see　multitudes　of　phantom　figures　moving　before　them；　so　that　they



often　cover　up　their　heads　in　terror。



　　From　all　this；　then；　the　conclusion　to　be　drawn　is；　that　the　dream



is　a　sort　of　presentation；　and；　more　particularly；　one　which　occurs　in



sleep；　since　the　phantoms　just　mentioned　are　not　dreams；　nor　is　any



other　a　dream　which　presents　itself　when　the　sense…perceptions　are



in　a　state　of　freedom。　Nor　is　every　presentation　which　occurs　in　sleep



necessarily　a　dream。　For　in　the　first　place；　some　persons　＇when



asleep＇　actually；　in　a　certain　way；　perceive　sounds；　light；　savour；



and　contact；　feebly；　however；　and；　as　it　were；　remotely。　For　there



have　been　cases　in　which　persons　while　asleep；　but　with　the　eyes



partly　open；　saw　faintly　in　their　sleep　（as　they　supposed）　the　light



of　a　lamp；　and　afterwards；　on　being　awakened；　straightway　recognized



it　as　the　actual　light　of　a　real　lamp；　while；　in　other　cases；



persons　who　faintly　heard　the　crowing　of　cocks　or　the　barking　of



dogs　identified　these　clearly　with　the　real　sounds　as　soon　as　they



awoke。　Some　persons；　too；　return　answers　to　questions　put　to　them　in



sleep。　For　it　is　quite　possible　that；　of　waking　or　sleeping；　while　the



one　is　present　in　the　ordinary　sense；　the　other　also　should　be　present



in　a　certain　way。　But　none　of　these　occurrences　should　be　called　a



dream。　Nor　should　the　true　thoughts；　as　distinct　from　the　mere



presentations；　which　occur　in　s