04道德经英译本85种-第143章
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In coarse appearance;
Nurturing the jewel within。
In this poem; Lao Tzu asks the Tao itself to speak in the first person; describing its nature; action; and the correct means of approaching it。 In the very first line; the essence of the Tao in action is revealed: transformation。 The Pinyin Chinese word for transformation is 〃yi;〃 the very same character in the title of the oracle; 〃Yi Jing〃 (which is the same as I Ching in the Wade…Giles system of transliteration)。 As in Chapter 1 and throughout the Tao Te Ching; Lao Tzu describes the natural use of language as the path of Te; or Modesty: the Tao in action within the human realm of being。 Words cannot tell us what Tao is; but they can tell us what it does梙ow it functions through our unique consciousness。 Language arises from inner clarity; and it expresses this clarity; then; it returns to the Origin; which is silence。 This is the transformative path of natural language梐 path that is described here and in Hexagram 1 of the I Ching。
71
Awareness of the poverty of knowledge
Is all the knowledge you need。
Repression of the awareness
Is the seed of disease。
You can remove the disease
By watching the symptoms;
And sickening their origin。
Thus the follower of the Sage:
He guards his health
By being aware of disease。
Thus he never seems sickened;
Since he feels his own pain。
Negative emotions; such as hatred; envy; pity; and contempt are the symptoms of the metaphorical disease described in this poem。 The symptoms of the disease must be watched; because they lead one to the 〃seed of disease;〃 which is the arrogance of knowledge; exemplified in the false and superficial ideas that comprise the one…sided vision of scholarly accumulation (see also Chapter 81)。 True awareness is the consciousness of the poverty of knowledge in isolation from the totality of being; to fully sense this poverty is to 〃feel one's own pain;〃 without the empty and officious compassion of a politician; a guru; or some other authority。 This is the 〃awareness of disease〃 that Lao Tzu reminds us to nurture within ourselves: the deep self…knowledge that comes when you are acutely aware of not…knowing。 This is the path of true independence。
72
Let the fear of God die among the people;
And they will find their own true guide within。
Do not constrict them in their homes;
Or oppress them at their work;
For if the people lack a sense of burden;
Then they will not feel oppressed。
Thus; the teaching heart of the Cosmos:
It is a living; dynamic consciousness…
It draws close to sincerity;
And retreats from exaltation。
The former it receives;
The latter it discards。
The fear of God is of a distant and threatening Being; which can only inflict pain and guilt; while repressing one's inner truth (the 〃true Guide〃 mentioned)。 Societies and governments behave like such a daunting God…force when they dictate and limit the acceptable norms of living and working; even to the point of defining what a proper home and job must be。 When these strictures are lifted; then there is the deepest liberation。 Just be sincere; and you will be helped。
73
The wooden impetuosity of the hero
Is the path of inner death。
Courage that retreats from daring
Is the path of inner life。
Yet one who walks on either road
Will sometimes suffer; sometimes prosper…
As if God indeed played dice;
While humans fought to find His Reason。
The Cosmic Consciousness does not compete;
And thus it simply finds its way。
It doesn抰 have to talk or make its point;
And thus it can communicate。
It does not send an invitation;
It so naturally attracts all being。
It does not micromanage;
And all its parts harmonize。
The Cosmic Whole is like a net…
So perfectly cast; its open meshes are capable
Of catching everything。
74
People don't truly fear death;
But they do fear being threatened with it。
When people's fears are thus enlivened;
It is a crime of intimidation…inner murder。
But it is the criminal thought; and not the man;
Who must be caught and killed。
There may always be those who use death to further power;
But they are not to be opposed。
For they would usurp the place of the Cosmic Artisan;
And try to do the work of Nature
Without the ability to use its tools。
Thus; the pretenders will but seldom fail
To shed the blood of their own incompetence。
75
People go hungry because taxes eat their food。
Therefore; the people go hungry。
People are hard to manage because they are oppressed。
Therefore; they are hard to manage。
People laugh at death because their lives are cheapened
With the weight of expectation。
This is why they laugh at death。
Who could value life
When food is scarce; and freedom repressed?
The peculiar structure of this verse; with its apparently clumsy redundancy; has been a matter of comment and rationalization by scholars and translators。 Perhaps this poem's structure is best explained as a matter of emphasis: Lao Tzu is underscoring the inexorable and appalling connection between taxation and hunger; oppression and rebellion; despair and the cheapening of life。 The expression 〃the people〃 is not a mere empty ideological abstraction; to be written into constitutions and political speeches; while each unique individual within the nation is forgotten or suppressed。 Lao Tzu uses the alliterative language of verse to make a subtle but crucial point: 〃the people〃 are real beings; not a collective abstraction; and so when a government represses their natural freedom or robs them of their livelihood; then it has stolen from the treasure of each individual's life and its potential。
76
When we are born;
We are soft and tender。
After we die;
We become rigid and brittle。
A living tree can sway;
A living blade of grass can bend;
For suppleness is the strength of life。
Only in death is flexibility stilled。
Tough and taut is the body of death;
Gently moving is the way of life。
Powerful forces crush themselves
Because they cannot move or yield。
A stiff and heavy tree will soon be broken
By wind or by axe。
Thus does rigid power always crumble;
While the supple and the humble
Gently endure。
77
The Tao of life is like the drawing of a bow;
Yet without the arrow:
Higher and lower are mutually attracted;
Until they seem to change places。
The long and the short complement
And support the function of the whole。
The Tao of life draws off excess;
And provides for what is depleted。
The way of man departs from this:
It devours the dwindling resources
To serve contrived; compulsive needs。
How can we learn to use the gifts of Nature;
Amid this grasping world?
Let the Tao guide you:
Your true self gives; and claims no credit。
Its work furthers all; without attaching to the results。
It conceals its worth;
Which is therefore felt by all。
This is the way of complementarity。
The Tao Te Ching as a work of significant environmental awareness is again highlighted in this verse。 Lao Tzu uses the image of a bow that draws itself; without the need of arrows; to describe the operations of Nature: it continually adjusts and maintains its balance when it 〃draws off excess〃 to 〃provide for what is depleted。〃 This metaphor was copied; probably by a Confucian writer; into the Image of Hexagram 15; Modesty; of the I Ching:
Thus the superior man reduces that which is too much;
And augments that which is too little。 (Wilhelm/Baynes; p。 64)。
However; Lao Tzu points out that there is no need for a 〃superior〃 or 〃cultivated〃 man to achieve this balance。 Indeed; fixed notions of superiority and inferiority; higher and lower; are certain to disrupt and distort the way of Nature。 All that is needed is the presence of the true self; unencumbered by false notions of superiorit