04道德经英译本85种-第142章
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the people (a very common practice in election campaign speeches); to prove their fitness to rule。 Inevitably; such nonsense will be exposed; because it traps itself in its own complex net of lies。
Lao Tzu offers a more practical and resonant approach to leadership; which accords with his teaching on personal governance: 〃remaining aware of the alternatives。〃 It is to be noted that he does not speak in terms of 〃remaining aware of the opposites;〃 because he is trying to lead us past an apparent paradox。 To live well (and to lead well) by living simply is not to reduce every course of action to diametrically opposed paths; but to nurture one's own inner ability to feel and balance an entire range of alternatives。 For when every decision is reduced to one of two opposing options (the Republican way or the Democratic way; to attack or to resort to diplomacy; to tax and spend or to offer tax breaks); a broad spectrum of possibility is ignored。 It is within that very spectrum that the correct solution usually lies; and not at the polar extremes of choice。 When we are reduced to governing from within the realm of opposites; then trickery and manipulation are required to divert the people from following the way of common sense and inner clarity。 Lao Tzu is asking the modern leader; 〃why waste or repress resources that will make your job infinitely easier?〃 For when the Sage is allowed to lead; then much of the work of governing tends to happen by itself; through the 〃natural virtue〃 of each individual。 This process leads the nation to the harmony in which true leadership spontaneously occurs; this is the 〃simple innocence〃 of which the poet speaks。
66
Breadth of river; depth of sea…
How is it that they seem to rule the world?
Because they can infiltrate a kingdom;
Or plumb the depths of a ravine;
And give life to the hundred fertile valleys。
In leading others; learn first to follow。
In speech; let your words find their own level。
To lead the people; learn to nourish them。
Let the Sage be your model:
It dwells in leadership
Without the oppression of superiority。
It dwells in leadership;
Yet the Sage offends no one。
Thus is it honored by all who approach it;
For it never exhausts them。
It is sublime; benevolent:
And therefore no one competes with it。
Lao Tzu here continues his discussion of the theme of leadership from the previous poem。 When leaders of the people allow the Sage to guide them in their work; they become like water。 It doesn't calculate its flowing course; but simply follows the shape of the land wherever it leads; whether through a king's domain or into the depths of a ravine。 As it travels; the water nourishes the land that receives it; in a dance of complementarity: the land provides the space and direction for the water's movement; and the water returns to it the elements necessary for fertile growth。 Thus does the poet advise leaders: 〃learn first to follow;〃 and then 〃learn to nourish。〃 In nature; neither the water nor the land put on airs of superiority; control; or command; but each provides the other what it needs to realize its destiny。 This is the way to lead people: follow the shape of their needs and circumstances; and then ask for the guidance of the Sage in providing them the direction and sustenance they need to fulfill their destiny。 Thus; you will not offend them; because they will not perceive you as a superior; and you will never exhaust them; because they will not see you as a competitive force。 This is the way of true benevolence。
67
People think the Tao extraordinary;
And tell me; 搘hat a wonder you have made!?br》 Perhaps the only wonder is
That we should think it extraordinary at all。
For if it were truly a mere
Treasure of the imagination;
Then it would be as good as worthless。
I have but three pearls
That I keep and cherish:
The first is love;
The second is avoiding excess;
The third is modesty。
When these three lead; the true self follows。
Love can thereby be fearless;
Excess negated can thus be generous;
Modesty can therefore lead the world;
And help its life force to endure。
But today the ego has renounced pure love;
And elevated empty chivalry;
It has wasted moderation
By exalting lavishness;
It has abandoned modesty
For the sake of renown。
This is to walk the path of death。
Enter a conflict with love still alive;
For its defense is stronger
Than the highest wall can ever provide。
The Tao; of course; is not at all extraordinary梠nly ego makes it so。 Tao is the ordinary; normal way of life and being within the cosmos。 Lao Tzu didn't create the Tao梚t is not a figment of his imagination; nor some cosmological theory he invented; nor a pleasant but idle puddle of poetic fancy。 Tao is Lao Tzu's name for the living Consciousness that we can experience through our inner life; and Te (Modesty) is a word for how that experience can transform both the outer and inner aspects of our lives。 Lao Tzu is again encouraging us to 〃negate the excess〃 of fixed beliefs and attitudes toward life and the cosmos; and experience Tao for ourselves; within ourselves梩o see how this living but impersonal Presence finds voice and substance within the unique vessel of each true self梖or where it leads; the true self follows。
68
The natural fighter spurns aggression;
For a war cannot be won in vengeance。
He defeats his enemy by discarding enmity。
A skillful manager directs the work
By humbly serving those who do it。
This is called natural Modesty:
It gets things done without striving;
And lets each individual achieve his destiny。
Though the world may call it great;
It is simply the surpassing of greatness。
In the inner war; a spirit of vengeance inflames and empowers the demons of ego; since it casts us headlong into the bloody hell of opposition。 This undermines the goal of self…development; which is to kill and transform the demonic consciousness of acculturation。 To manage such a war correctly requires an attitude of humility梱ou put the work into the hands of those best able to do it right梩he helping energies of the hidden world。 This is how true greatness is achieved。
69
The generals have a saying
Which they apply to war;
And I teach it too:
Better to be aggression's guest;
Than its partisan host。
Better to draw back a mile
Than press forward an inch。
This is called marching
Without moving your feet;
Capturing without an assault;
Defeating without an enemy。
For there is no greater error
Than looking outward for enemies。
To look outward for enemies
Is to estrange your only true self。
This is why two sides opposed
Will fight to a bloody draw;
Where sorrow is the only victor。
This poem contains a warning against adopting a way of impulsive action; which will inevitably trap a person within a self…perpetuating cycle of opposition; where conflict is unceasing; battle lines always drawn and redrawn; where truce is tenuous and temporary; and where only sorrow wins。 As elsewhere in the Tao Te Ching; the metaphor of 〃moving the feet〃 is symbolic of impulsive action梥ee also Chapters 31 and 64。 Again; Lao Tzu points out that aggression tends to perpetuate itself: the search for outer enemies is the first and final act of self…destruction。
70
My words can transform understanding;
And are very easy to live with:
So why doesn抰 the world understand them?
And why doesn抰 it live by them?
My words have a primal Origin;
My action also has its natural Guide。
If you don抰 know these;
Then you can抰 know me。
Thus; there are but few
Who can understand my words。
To these; the words point the way
To their own inner treasure。
Such awareness is often couched
In coarse appearance;
Nurturing the jewel within。
In this poem; Lao Tzu asks the Tao itself to speak in the first person; describing its nature; action; and the co