scientific secrets-µÚ3ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
silvered¡¡over¡£
18¡£¡¡FOR¡¡COPPERING¡¡IRON
This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡latest¡¡method£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡now¡¡in¡¡use¡£¡¡To¡¡a¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡sulphate¡¡
of¡¡copper£»¡¡add¡¡a¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡ferrocyanide¡¡of¡¡pottasium£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡a¡¡
precipitate¡¡continues¡¡to¡¡be¡¡formed¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡settle£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
clear¡¡liquor¡¡being¡¡decanted¡¡the¡¡vessel¡¡is¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡
precipitate¡¡settles¡¡the¡¡liquor¡¡is¡¡again¡¡decanted£»¡¡and¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡repeat¡¡
these¡¡washings¡¡until¡¡the¡¡sulphate¡¡of¡¡potash¡¡is¡¡washed¡¡quite¡¡out£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡
known¡¡by¡¡adding¡¡a¡¡little¡¡chloride¡¡of¡¡barium¡¡to¡¡a¡¡small¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
washings£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡white¡¡precipitate¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡test£»¡¡the¡¡
precipitate¡¡is¡¡sufficiently¡¡washed¡£¡¡A¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡cyanide¡¡of¡¡potassium¡¡is¡¡
now¡¡added¡¡to¡¡this¡¡precipitate¡¡until¡¡it¡¡is¡¡dissolved£»¡¡during¡¡which¡¡process¡¡
the¡¡solution¡¡becomes¡¡warm¡¡by¡¡the¡¡chemical¡¡re¡action¡¡which¡¡takes¡¡place¡£¡¡The¡¡
solution¡¡is¡¡filtered£»¡¡and¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡repose¡¡all¡¡night¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡
cyanide¡¡of¡¡potassium¡¡that¡¡is¡¡used¡¡is¡¡strong£»¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
ferrocyanide¡¡of¡¡potassium¡¡crystalises¡¡in¡¡the¡¡solution£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡be¡¡
collected¡¡and¡¡preserved¡¡for¡¡use¡¡again¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡cyanide¡¡of¡¡
potassium¡¡used¡¡to¡¡dissolve¡¡the¡¡precipitate¡¡is¡¡dilute£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡
to¡¡condense¡¡the¡¡liquor¡¡by¡¡evaporation¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡the¡¡yellow¡¡prussiate¡¡in¡¡
crystals¡£¡¡The¡¡remaining¡¡solution¡¡is¡¡the¡¡coppering¡¡solution£»¡¡should¡¡it¡¡not¡¡
be¡¡convenient¡¡to¡¡separate¡¡the¡¡yellow¡¡prussiate¡¡by¡¡crystallization£»¡¡the¡¡
presence¡¡of¡¡that¡¡salt¡¡in¡¡the¡¡solution¡¡does¡¡not¡¡deteriorate¡¡it¡¡nor¡¡
interfere¡¡with¡¡its¡¡power¡¡of¡¡depositing¡¡copper¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡19¡£¡¡PECULIARITIES¡¡IN¡¡WORKING¡¡CYANIDE¡¡OF¡¡COPPER¡¡SOLUTION
The¡¡true¡¡composition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡salts¡¡thus¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡copper¡¡and¡¡cyanide¡¡of¡¡
potassium¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡been¡¡determined£»¡¡but¡¡their¡¡relations¡¡to¡¡the¡¡battery¡¡
and¡¡electrolyzation¡¡are¡¡peculiar¡£¡¡The¡¡solution¡¡must¡¡be¡¡worked¡¡at¡¡a¡¡heat¡¡
not¡¡less¡¡than¡¡from¡¡150~¡¡to¡¡200~¡¡Farenheit¡¡£¨that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡quite¡¡as¡¡hot¡¡a¡¡
boiling¡¡water£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡212~¡¡Farenheit¡££©¡¡All¡¡other¡¡solutions¡¡we¡¡have¡¡tried¡¡
follow¡¡the¡¡laws£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡electricity¡¡is¡¡so¡¡strong¡¡as¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡gas¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡evolved¡¡at¡¡the¡¡electrode£»¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡will¡¡be¡¡deposited¡¡in¡¡a¡¡sandy¡¡or¡¡
powdered¡¡state£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡cyanide¡¡of¡¡copper¡¡and¡¡potassium¡¡is¡¡an¡¡
exception¡¡to¡¡these¡¡laws£»¡¡as¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reguline¡¡deposit¡¡obtained¡¡unless¡¡
gas¡¡is¡¡freely¡¡evolved¡¡from¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡article¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡the¡¡
deposit¡¡is¡¡taking¡¡place¡£¡¡As¡¡this¡¡solution¡¡is¡¡used¡¡hot£»¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡
evaporation¡¡takes¡¡place£»¡¡which¡¡requires¡¡that¡¡additions¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
solution¡¡from¡¡time¡¡to¡¡time¡£¡¡If¡¡water¡¡alone¡¡be¡¡used¡¡for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡¡it¡¡
will¡¡precipitate¡¡a¡¡great¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡copper¡¡as¡¡a¡¡white¡¡powder£»¡¡but¡¡
this¡¡is¡¡prevented¡¡by¡¡dissolving¡¡a¡¡little¡¡cyanide¡¡of¡¡potassium¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water¡¡
at¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡4¡¡ounces¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gallon¡£¡¡The¡¡vessels¡¡used¡¡in¡¡factories¡¡for¡¡
this¡¡solution¡¡are¡¡generally¡¡of¡¡copper£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡heated¡¡over¡¡a¡¡flue¡¡or¡¡in¡¡
a¡¡sand¡bath£»¡¡the¡¡vessel¡¡itself¡¡serving¡¡as¡¡the¡¡positive¡¡electrode¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
battery£»¡¡but¡¡any¡¡vessel¡¡will¡¡suit¡¡if¡¡a¡¡copper¡¡electrode¡¡is¡¡employed¡¡when¡¡
the¡¡vessel¡¡is¡¡not¡¡of¡¡copper¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡20¡£¡¡PREPARATION¡¡OF¡¡IRON¡¡FOR¡¡COATING¡¡WITH¡¡COPPER
When¡¡it¡¡is¡¡required¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡an¡¡iron¡¡article¡¡with¡¡copper£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡first¡¡
steeped¡¡in¡¡hot¡¡caustic¡¡potash¡¡or¡¡soda¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡any¡¡grease¡¡or¡¡oil¡£¡¡Being¡¡
washed¡¡from¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡for¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time¡¡in¡¡diluted¡¡sulphuric¡¡acid£»¡¡
consisting¡¡of¡¡about¡¡one¡¡part¡¡acid¡¡to¡¡16¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡water£»¡¡which¡¡removes¡¡any¡¡
oxide¡¡that¡¡may¡¡exist¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡then¡¡washed¡¡in¡¡water¡¡and¡¡scoured¡¡with¡¡sand¡¡
till¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡perfectly¡¡clean£»¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡battery¡¡
and¡¡immersed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cyanide¡¡solution¡£¡¡All¡¡this¡¡must¡¡be¡¡done¡¡with¡¡despatch¡¡
so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡combining¡¡with¡¡oxygen¡£¡¡An¡¡immersion¡¡of¡¡five¡¡
minutes¡¡duration¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cyanide¡¡solution¡¡is¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡deposit¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡
iron¡¡a¡¡film¡¡of¡¡copper£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡complete¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡iron¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡have¡¡a¡¡considerably¡¡thick¡¡coating£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡
cyanide¡¡process¡¡is¡¡expensive£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡preferable¡¡when¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡has¡¡received¡¡
a¡¡film¡¡of¡¡copper¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cyanide¡¡solution£»¡¡to¡¡take¡¡it¡¡out£»¡¡wash¡¡it¡¡in¡¡
water£»¡¡and¡¡attach¡¡to¡¡it¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡cell¡¡or¡¡weak¡¡battery£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡it¡¡into¡¡a¡¡
solution¡¡of¡¡sulphate¡¡of¡¡copper¡£¡¡If¡¡there¡¡is¡¡any¡¡part¡¡not¡¡sufficiently¡¡
covered¡¡with¡¡copper¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cyanide¡¡solution£»¡¡the¡¡sulphate¡¡will¡¡make¡¡these¡¡
parts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dark¡¡colour£»¡¡which¡¡a¡¡touch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡finger¡¡will¡¡remove¡£¡¡When¡¡such¡¡
is¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡article¡¡must¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡out£»¡¡scoured£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡again¡¡into¡¡
the¡¡cyanide¡¡solution¡¡till¡¡perfectly¡¡covered¡£¡¡A¡¡little¡¡practice¡¡will¡¡render¡¡
this¡¡very¡¡easy¡£¡¡The¡¡sulphate¡¡solution¡¡for¡¡covering¡¡iron¡¡should¡¡be¡¡prepared¡¡
by¡¡adding¡¡it¡¡by¡¡degrees¡¡a¡¡little¡¡caustic¡¡potash£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡
precipitate¡¡formed¡¡is¡¡re¡dissolved¡£¡¡This¡¡neutralizes¡¡a¡¡great¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡sulphuric¡¡acid£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡readily¡¡acted¡¡upon¡£¡¡When¡¡
the¡¡iron¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡coppered£»¡¡proceed¡¡to¡¡silver¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡recommended¡¡
for¡¡silvering¡¡according¡¡to¡¡receipt¡¡No¡£9£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡you¡¡want¡¡to¡¡put¡¡a¡¡very¡¡
heavy¡¡coating¡¡of¡¡silver¡¡on¡¡it£»¡¡make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡battery¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡21¡£¡¡SOLDERING¡¡FLUID
For¡¡mending¡¡articles¡¡of¡¡tin£»¡¡iron£»¡¡zinc£»¡¡copper£»¡¡and¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡other¡¡
metals¡£¡¡Take¡¡2¡¡fl¡£¡¡ounces¡¡of¡¡muriatic¡¡acid£»¡¡add¡¡zinc¡¡till¡¡bubbles¡¡cease¡¡to¡¡
rise£»¡¡add¡¡1/2¡¡a¡¡teaspoonful¡¡of¡¡sal¡¡ammoniac¡¡and¡¡2¡¡ounces¡¡of¡¡water¡£¡¡Damp¡¡
the¡¡part¡¡you¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡solder¡¡with¡¡this¡¡fluid£»¡¡lay¡¡on¡¡a¡¡small¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡lead£»¡¡
and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡hot¡¡iron¡¡or¡¡soldering¡¡iron¡¡solder¡¡the¡¡part¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡22¡£¡¡SOLDER¡¡FOR¡¡TIN
Take¡¡of¡¡pewter¡¡4¡¡parts£»¡¡tin¡¡1¡¡part£»¡¡bismuth¡¡1¡¡part£»¡¡melt¡¡them¡¡together¡£¡¡
Resin¡¡is¡¡used¡¡with¡¡this¡¡solder¡£
23¡£¡¡COLD¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡SILVERING¡¡IRON¡¡WITH¡¡SILVER¡PLATE
Polish¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡toy¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡silver£»¡¡then¡¡damp¡¡it¡¡over¡¡with¡¡soldering¡¡fluid¡¡
£¨receipt¡¡No¡£21£©¡¡When¡¡this¡¡is¡¡done¡¡give¡¡it¡¡a¡¡coat¡¡of¡¡No¡£22¡¡solder¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡
done¡¡by¡¡laying¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡cold¡¡solder¡¡on¡¡the¡¡iron£»¡¡and¡¡spreading¡¡it¡¡over¡¡
with¡¡a¡¡heated¡¡soldering¡¡iron£»¡¡when¡¡by¡¡this¡¡means¡¡you¡¡get¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡nicely¡¡
plated¡¡with¡¡solder£»¡¡then¡¡lay¡¡on¡¡your¡¡silver¡plate¡¡evenly£»¡¡and¡¡gently¡¡rub¡¡
it¡¡over¡¡with¡¡the¡¡heated¡¡soldering¡¡iron£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡will¡¡become¡¡firmly¡¡united¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡solder¡¡as¡¡the¡¡solder¡¡is¡¡with¡¡the¡¡iron£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡you¡¡have¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡
beautifully¡¡plated¡¡with¡¡silver¡¡with¡¡very¡¡little¡¡cost¡¡or¡¡trouble¡£
24¡£¡¡HOT¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡SILVERING¡¡IRON¡¡WITH¡¡SILVER¡PLATE
First¡¡polish¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡you¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡silver£»¡¡wet¡¡it¡¡well¡¡over¡¡with¡¡No¡£21¡¡
soldering¡¡fluid£»¡¡then¡¡having¡¡procured¡¡that¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡silver¡plate¡¡which¡¡is¡¡
tin¡¡on¡¡one¡¡side¡¡and¡¡silver¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡place¡¡it¡¡evenly¡¡on£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡
tined¡¡side¡¡next¡¡to¡¡the¡¡iron£»¡¡then¡¡place¡¡it¡¡on¡¡the¡¡fire¡¡until¡¡the¡¡
silver¡plate¡¡melts¡¡down£»¡¡then¡¡at¡¡once¡¡take¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fire£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡will¡¡
be¡¡firmly¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡iron£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡be¡¡excellent¡¡plate£»¡¡yet¡¡No¡£23£»¡¡
the¡¡cold¡¡method£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡preferred¡¡in¡¡most¡¡cases¡£
25¡£¡¡SILVERING¡¡LOOKING¡GLASSES¡¡WITH¡¡QUICKSILVER
Take¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡marble¡¡or¡¡some¡¡other¡¡substance¡¡very¡¡smooth£»¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡
level£»¡¡lay¡¡on¡¡this¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡you¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡silver£»¡¡then¡¡make¡¡a¡¡ridge¡¡of¡¡
putty¡¡on¡¡the¡¡marble¡¡against¡¡the¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡all¡¡round¡¡it£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡
you¡¡can¡¡pour¡¡quicksilver¡¡on¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡until¡¡it¡¡is¡¡all¡¡covered¡¡over£»¡¡and¡¡
will¡¡be¡¡prevented¡¡from¡¡running¡¡off¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ridge¡¡of¡¡putty£»¡¡an¡¡inch¡¡or¡¡two£»¡¡
or¡¡three¡¡outside¡¡this¡¡ridge¡¡make¡¡another¡¡of¡¡putty£»¡¡then¡¡cover¡¡the¡¡
quicksilver¡¡on¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡all¡¡over¡¡with¡¡tin¡foil£»¡¡and¡¡press¡¡it¡¡firmly¡¡but¡¡
cautiously¡¡against¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡until¡¡you¡¡have¡¡squeezed¡¡out¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
quicksilver¡¡you¡¡can¡£¡¡while¡¡you¡¡press¡¡this¡¡you¡¡may¡¡remove¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡
ridge¡¡of¡¡putty¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡quicksilver¡¡a¡¡chance¡¡of¡¡escape¡£¡¡When¡¡it¡¡is¡¡well¡¡
pressed¡¡against¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡an¡¡amalgam¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tin¡foil¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡quicksilver¡¡that¡¡is¡¡left£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡firmly¡¡adhere¡¡to¡¡the¡¡glass¡£¡¡
By¡¡this¡¡means¡¡you¡¡have¡¡a¡¡very¡¡beautiful¡¡and¡¡cheap¡¡looking¡glass£»¡¡the¡¡
quicksilver¡¡that¡¡escapes£»¡¡being¡¡saved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡second¡¡ridge¡¡of¡¡putty£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡
used¡¡again¡£
26¡£¡¡SILVERING¡¡LOOKING¡GLASSES¡¡WITH¡¡PURE¡¡SILVER
Prepare¡¡a¡¡mixture¡¡of¡¡3¡¡grains¡¡of¡¡ammonia£»¡¡60¡¡grains¡¡of¡¡nitrate¡¡of¡¡silver£»¡¡
90¡¡minims¡¡of¡¡spirits¡¡of¡¡wine£»¡¡90¡¡minims¡¡of¡¡water£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡nitrate¡¡of¡¡
silver¡¡is¡¡dissolved£»¡¡filter¡¡the¡¡liquid¡¡and¡¡add¡¡a¡¡small¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡sugar¡¡
£¨15¡¡grains£©¡¡dissolved¡¡in¡¡1¡¡1/2¡¡oz¡£¡¡of¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡1¡¡1/2¡¡oz¡£¡¡of¡¡s