the religion of babylonia and assyria-第15章
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00 B。C。）。 What connection； if any； he may have with Tammuz； the spouse of I？tar； is unknown。 Jastrow apparently regards him as a distinct deity； and translates his name 〃the child of the life of the water…deep。〃
Elali。A deity identified with the Hebrew Helal； the new moon。 Only found in names of the time of the Hammurabi dynasty； in one of which he appears as 〃a creator。〃
En…nugi is described as 〃lord of streams and canals；〃 and 〃lord of the earth； lord of no…return。〃 This last description； which gives the meaning of his name； suggests that he was one of the gods of the realm of Ere？…ki…gal； though he may have borne that name simply as god of streams； which always flow down； never the reverse。
Gibil。One of the names of the god of fire； sometimes transcribed Girru by Assyriologists； the meaning apparently being 〃the fire… bearer〃 or 〃light…bearer。〃 Girru is another name of this deity； and translates an ideographic group； rendered by Delitzsch 〃great〃 or 〃highest decider；〃 suggesting the custom of trial by ordeal。 He was identified with Nirig； in Semitic ênu…rê？tu。
Gu？qi…banda or Kuski…banda； one of the names of êa； probably as god of gold…workers。
I？um； 〃the glorious sacrificer；〃 seemingly a name of the fire…god as a means whereby burnt offerings were made。 N？r…I？um； 〃light of I？um；〃 is found as a man's name。
Kaawanu； the planet Saturn。
Lagamal。A god identified with the Elamite Lagamar； whose name is regarded as existing in Chedorlaomer （cf。 Gen。 xiv。 2）。 He was the chief god of Mair； 〃the ship…city。〃
Lugal…Amarada or Lugal…Marad。This name means 〃king of Marad；〃 a city as yet unidentified。 The king of this place seems to have been Nerigal； of whom； therefore； Lugal…Marad is another name。
Lugal…banda。This name means 〃the powerful king；〃 or something similar； and the god bearing it is supposed to be the same as Nerigal。 His consort； however； was named Nin…sun （or Nin…gul）。
Lugal…Du…azaga； 〃the king of the glorious seat。〃The founder of êridu； 〃the good city within the Abyss；〃 probably the paradise （or a paradise） of the world to come。 As it was the aim of every good Babylonian to dwell hereafter with the god whom he had worshipped upon earth； it may be conjectured that this was the paradise in the domain of êa or Aa。
Mama； Mami。Names of 〃the lady of the gods；〃 and creatress of the seed of mankind； Aruru。 Probably so called as the 〃mother〃 of all things。 Another name of this goddess is Ama； 〃mother。〃
Mammitum； Mamitum； goddess of fate。
Mur； one of the names of Addu or Rammanu （Hadad or Rimmon）。
Nana or Nanaa was the consort of Nebo at Borsippa； but appears as a form of I？tar； worshipped； with Anu her father； at Erech。
Nin…aha…kuku； a name of êa or Aa and of his daughter as deity of the rivers； and therefore of gardens and plantations； which were watered by means of the small canals leading therefrom。 As daughter of êa； this deity was also 〃lady of the incantation。〃
Nin…azu； the consort of Ere？…ki…gal； probably as 〃lord physician。〃 He is probably to be identified with Nerigal。
Nin…igi…nagar…si； a name somewhat more doubtful as to its reading than the others； designates êa or Aa as 〃the god of the carpenter。〃 He seems to have borne this as 〃the great constructor of heaven〃 or 〃of Anu。〃
Nin…mah； chief goddess of the temple ê…mah in Babylon。 Probably to be identified with Aruru； and therefore with Zer…pan？tum。
Nin…？ah； a deity whose name is conjectured to mean 〃lord of the wild boar。〃 He seems to have been a god of war； and was identified with Nirig or ênu…rê？tu and Pap…sukal。
Nin…sirsir； êa as the god of sailors。
Nin…sun； as pointed out by Jastrow； was probably the same as I？tar or Nana of Erech； where she had a shrine； with them； in ê…anna； 〃the house of Anu。〃 He renders her name 〃the annihilating lady；〃＇*＇ 〃appropriate for the consort of a sun…god；〃 for such he regards Lugal… banda her spouse。 King Sin…gasid of Erech （about 3000 B。C。） refers to her as his mother。
＇*＇ This is due to the second element of the name having； with another pronunciation； the meaning of 〃to destroy。〃
Nun…urra。êa； as the god of potters。
Pap…sukal。A name of Nin…？ah as the 〃divine messenger；〃 who is also described as god 〃of decisions。〃 Nin…？ah would seem to have been one of the names of Pap…sukal rather than the reverse。
Qarradu； 〃strong；〃 〃mighty；〃 〃brave。〃This word； which was formerly translated 〃warrior；〃 is applied to several deities； among them being Bêl； Nergal； Nirig （ênu…rê？tu）； and ？ama？； the sun…god。
Ragimu and Ramimu； names of Rimmon or Hadad as 〃the thunderer。〃 The second comes from the same root as Rammanu （Rimmon）。
？uqamunu。A deity regarded as 〃lord of watercourses；〃 probably the artificial channels dug for the irrigation of fields。
Ura…gala； a name of Nerigal。
Ura？； a name of Nirig； under which he was worshipped at Dailem； near Babylon。
Zagaga； dialectic Zamama。This deity； who was a god of war； was identified with Nirig。 One of this titles was /bêl parakki/； 〃lord of the royal chamber；〃 or 〃throne…room。〃
Zaraqu or Zariqu。As the root of this name means 〃to sprinkle；〃 he was probably also a god of irrigation； and may have presided over ceremonial purification。 He is mentioned in names as the 〃giver of seed〃 and 〃giver of a name〃 （i。e。 offspring）。
These are only a small proportion of the names found in the inscriptions； but short as the list necessarily is； the nature； if not the full composition； of the Babylonian pantheon will easily be estimated therefrom。
It will be seen that besides the identifications of the deities of all the local pantheons with each other； each divinity had almost as many names as attributes and titles； hence their exceeding multiplicity。 In such an extensive pantheon； many of the gods composing it necessarily overlap； and identification of each other； to which the faith； in its primitive form； was a stranger； were inevitable。 The tendency to monotheism which this caused will be referred to later on。
The gods and the heavenly bodies。
It has already been pointed out that； from the evidence of the Babylonian syllabary； the deities of the Babylonians were not astral in their origin； the only gods certainly originating in heavenly bodies being the sun and the moon。 This leads to the supposition that the Babylonians； bearing these two deities in mind； may have asked themselves why； if these two were represented by heavenly bodies； the others should not be so represented also。 Be this as it may； the other deities of the pantheon were so represented； and the full planetary scheme； as given by a bilingual list in the British Museum； was as follows：
Aku Sin the moon Sin Bi？ebi ？ama？ the sun ？ama？ Dapinu Umun…sig…êa Jupiter Merodach Zib＇*＇ Dele…bat Venus I？tar Lu…lim Lu…bat…sag…u？ Saturn Nirig （acc。 to Jensen） Bibbu Lubat…gud Mercury Nebo Simutu Mu？tabarru Mars Nergal m？tanu
All the above names of planets have the prefix of divinity； but in other inscriptions the determinative prefix is that for 〃star；〃 /kakkabu/。
＇*＇ This is apparently a Sumerian dialectic form； the original word having seemingly been Zig。
Moon and Sun。
Unfortunately； all the above identifications of the planets with the deities in the fourth column are not certain； namely； those corresponding with Saturn； Mercury； and Mars。 With regard to the others； however； there is no doubt whatever。 The reason why the moon is placed before the sun is that the sun； as already explained； was regarded as his son。 It was noteworthy also that the moon was accredited with two other offspring； namely； Ma？u and Ma？tuson and daughter respectively。 As /ma？u/ means 〃twin；〃 these names must symbolise the two halves； or； as we say； 〃quarters〃 of the moon； who were thus regarded； in Babylonian mythology； as his 〃twin children。〃
Jupiter and Saturn。
Concerning Jupiter； who is in the above called Dapinu （Semitic）； and Umun…sig…êa （Sumerian）； it has already been noted that he was called N
