a defence of poesie and poems-第8章
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Where the philosophers （as they think） scorn to delight； so much they be content little to move； saving wrangling whether 〃virtus〃 be the chief or the only good； whether the contemplative or the active life do excel； which Plato and Boetius well knew； and therefore made mistress Philosophy very often borrow the masking raiment of poesy。 For even those hard…hearted evil men； who think virtue a school… name； and know no other good but 〃indulgere genio；〃 and therefore despise the austere admonitions of the philosopher； and feel not the inward reason they stand upon； yet will be content to be delighted； which is all the good…fellow poet seems to promise； and so steal to see the form of goodness； which seen； they cannot but love； ere themselves be aware； as if they took a medicine of cherries。
Infinite ｛43｝ proofs of the strange effects of this poetical invention might be alleged； only two shall serve； which are so often remembered； as； I think； all men know them。 The one of Menenius Agrippa； who； when the whole people of Rome had resolutely divided themselves from the senate； with apparent show of utter ruin； though he were； for that time； an excellent orator； came not among them upon trust； either of figurative speeches； or cunning insinuations； and much less with far…fetched maxims of philosophy； which； especially if they were Platonic； they must have learned geometry before they could have conceived； but； forsooth； he behaveth himself like a homely and familiar poet。 He telleth them a tale； that there was a time when all the parts of the body made a mutinous conspiracy against the belly； which they thought devoured the fruits of each other's labour； they concluded they would let so unprofitable a spender starve。 In the end； to be short （for the tale is notorious； and as notorious that it was a tale）； with punishing the belly they plagued themselves。 This； applied by him； wrought such effect in the people as I never read that only words brought forth； but then so sudden； and so good an alteration； for upon reasonable conditions a perfect reconcilement ensued。
The other is of Nathan the prophet； who； when the holy David had so far forsaken God； as to confirm adultery with murder； when he was to do the tenderest office of a friend； in laying his own shame before his eyes； being sent by God to call again so chosen a servant； how doth he it？ but by telling of a man whose beloved lamb was ungratefully taken from his bosom。 The application most divinely true； but the discourse itself feigned； which made David （I speak of the second and instrumental cause） as in a glass see his own filthiness； as that heavenly psalm of mercy well testifieth。
By these； therefore； examples and reasons； I think it may be manifest that the poet； with that same hand of delight； doth draw the mind more effectually than any other art doth。 And so a conclusion not unfitly ensues； that as virtue is the most excellent resting…place for all worldly learning to make his end of； so poetry； being the most familiar to teach it； and most princely to move towards it； in the most excellent work is the most excellent workman。
But I am content not only to decipher him by his works （although works in commendation and dispraise must ever hold a high authority）； but more narrowly will examine his parts； so that （as in a man） though all together may carry a presence full of majesty and beauty perchance in some one defectious ｛44｝ piece we may find blemish。
Now； ｛45｝ in his parts； kinds； or species； as you list to term them； it is to be noted that some poesies have coupled together two or three kinds； as the tragical and comical； whereupon is risen the tragi…comical； some； in the manner； have mingled prose and verse； as Sannazaro and Boetius； some have mingled matters heroical and pastoral； but that cometh all to one in this question； for； if severed they be good； the conjunction cannot be hurtful。 Therefore； perchance； forgetting some； and leaving some as needless to be remembered； it shall not be amiss； in a word； to cite the special kinds； to see what faults may be found in the right use of them。
Is it； then； the pastoral poem which is misliked？ ｛46｝ For； perchance； where the hedge is lowest； they will soonest leap over。 Is the poor pipe disdained； which sometimes； out of Melibaeus's mouth； can show the misery of people under hard lords and ravening soldiers？ And again； by Tityrus； what blessedness is derived to them that lie lowest from the goodness of them that sit highest？ Sometimes under the pretty tales of wolves and sheep； can include the whole considerations of wrong doing and patience； sometimes show； that contentions for trifles can get but a trifling victory； where； perchance； a man may see that even Alexander and Darius； when they strove who should be cock of this world's dunghill； the benefit they got was； that the after…livers may say；
〃Haec memini； et victum frustra contendere Thyrsim。 Ex illo Corydon； Corydon est tempore nobis。〃 ｛47｝
Or is it the lamenting elegiac； ｛48｝ which； in a kind heart； would move rather pity than blame； who bewaileth； with the great philosopher Heraclitus； the weakness of mankind； and the wretchedness of the world； who； surely； is to be praised； either for compassionately accompanying just causes of lamentations； or for rightly pointing out how weak be the passions of wofulness？
Is it the bitter； but wholesome iambic； ｛49｝ who rubs the galled mind； making shame the trumpet of villany； with bold and open crying out against naughtiness？
Or the satiric？ who；
〃Omne vafer vitium ridenti tangit amico；〃 ｛50｝
who sportingly never leaveth； until he make a man laugh at folly； and； at length； ashamed to laugh at himself； which he cannot avoid without avoiding the folly； who； while 〃circum praecordia ludit；〃 giveth us to feel how many headaches a passionate life bringeth us to； who when all is done；
〃Est Ulubris； animus si nos non deficit aequus。〃 ｛51｝
No； perchance； it is the comic； ｛52｝ whom naughty play…makers and stage…keepers have justly made odious。 To the arguments of abuse I will after answer； only thus much now is to be said； that the comedy is an imitation of the common errors of our life； which he representeth in the most ridiculous and scornful sort that may be； so as it is impossible that any beholder can be content to be such a one。 Now； as in geometry； the oblique must be known as well as the right； and in arithmetic； the odd as well as the even； so in the actions of our life； who seeth not the filthiness of evil； wanteth a great foil to perceive the beauty of virtue。 This doth the comedy handle so； in our private and domestical matters； as； with hearing it； we get； as it were； an experience of what is to be looked for； of a niggardly Demea； of a crafty Davus； of a flattering Gnatho； of a vain…glorious Thraso； and not only to know what effects are to be expected； but to know who be such； by the signifying badge given them by the comedian。 And little reason hath any man to say； that men learn the evil by seeing it so set out； since； as I said before； there is no man living； but by the force truth hath in nature； no sooner seeth these men play their parts； but wisheth them in 〃pistrinum；〃 ｛53｝ although； perchance； the sack of his own faults lie so behind his back； that he seeth not himself to dance in the same measure； whereto yet nothing can more open his eyes than to see his own actions contemptibly set forth； so that the right use of comedy will； I think； by nobody be blamed。
And much less of the high and excellent tragedy； ｛54｝ that openeth the greatest wounds； and showeth forth the ulcers that are covered with tissue； that maketh kings fear to be tyrants； and tyrants to manifest their tyrannical humours； that with stirring the effects of admiration and commiseration； teacheth the uncertainty of this world； and upon how weak foundations gilded roofs are builded； that maketh us know； 〃qui sceptra saevos duro imperio regit； timet timentes； metus in authorem redit。〃 But how much it can move； Plutarch yielded a notable testimony of the abominable tyrant Alexander Pheraeus； from whose eyes a tragedy； well made and represented； drew abundance of tears； who without all p
