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same field; and as that was all they knew of the place; 

it could be all expressed in these two words。



Indeed; even on a nearer view; the Old Town is 

properly smoked; and though it is well washed with rain 

all the year round; it has a grim and sooty aspect among 

its younger suburbs。  It grew; under the law that 

regulates the growth of walled cities in precarious 

situations; not in extent; but in height and density。  

Public buildings were forced; wherever there was room for 

them; into the midst of thoroughfares; thorough … fares 

were diminished into lanes; houses sprang up story after 

story; neighbour mounting upon neighbour's shoulder; as 

in some Black Hole of Calcutta; until the population 

slept fourteen or fifteen deep in a vertical direction。  

The tallest of these LANDS; as they are locally termed; 

have long since been burnt out; but to this day it is not 

uncommon to see eight or ten windows at a flight; and the 

cliff of building which hangs imminent over Waverley 

Bridge would still put many natural precipices to shame。  

The cellars are already high above the gazer's head; 

planted on the steep hill…side; as for the garret; all 

the furniture may be in the pawn…shop; but it commands a 

famous prospect to the Highland hills。  The poor man may 

roost up there in the centre of Edinburgh; and yet have a 

peep of the green country from his window; he shall see 

the quarters of the well…to…do fathoms underneath; with 

their broad squares and gardens; he shall have nothing 

overhead but a few spires; the stone top…gallants of the 

city; and perhaps the wind may reach him with a rustic 

pureness; and bring a smack of the sea or of flowering 

lilacs in the spring。



It is almost the correct literary sentiment to 

deplore the revolutionary improvements of Mr。 Chambers 

and his following。  It is easy to be a conservator of the 

discomforts of others; indeed; it is only our good 

qualities we find it irksome to conserve。  Assuredly; in 

driving streets through the black labyrinth; a few 

curious old corners have been swept away; and some 

associations turned out of house and home。  But what 

slices of sunlight; what breaths of clean air; have been 

let in!  And what a picturesque world remains untouched!  

You go under dark arches; and down dark stairs and 

alleys。  The way is so narrow that you can lay a hand on 

either wall; so steep that; in greasy winter weather; the 

pavement is almost as treacherous as ice。  Washing 

dangles above washing from the windows; the houses bulge 

outwards upon flimsy brackets; you see a bit of sculpture 

in a dark corner; at the top of all; a gable and a few 

crowsteps are printed on the sky。  Here; you come into a 

court where the children are at play and the grown people 

sit upon their doorsteps; and perhaps a church spire 

shows itself above the roofs。  Here; in the narrowest of 

the entry; you find a great old mansion still erect; with 

some insignia of its former state … some scutcheon; some 

holy or courageous motto; on the lintel。  The local 

antiquary points out where famous and well…born people 

had their lodging; and as you look up; out pops the head 

of a slatternly woman from the countess's window。  The 

Bedouins camp within Pharaoh's palace walls; and the old 

war…ship is given over to the rats。  We are already a far 

way from the days when powdered heads were plentiful in 

these alleys; with jolly; port…wine faces underneath。  

Even in the chief thoroughfares Irish washings flutter at 

the windows; and the pavements are encumbered with 

loiterers。



These loiterers are a true character of the scene。  

Some shrewd Scotch workmen may have paused on their way 

to a job; debating Church affairs and politics with their 

tools upon their arm。  But the most part are of a 

different order … skulking jail…birds; unkempt; bare…foot 

children; big…mouthed; robust women; in a sort of uniform 

of striped flannel petticoat and short tartan shawl; 

among these; a few surpervising constables and a dismal 

sprinkling of mutineers and broken men from higher ranks 

in society; with some mark of better days upon them; like 

a brand。  In a place no larger than Edinburgh; and where 

the traffic is mostly centred in five or six chief 

streets; the same face comes often under the notice of an 

idle stroller。  In fact; from this point of view; 

Edinburgh is not so much a small city as the largest of 

small towns。  It is scarce possible to avoid observing 

your neighbours; and I never yet heard of any one who 

tried。  It has been my fortune; in this anonymous 

accidental way; to watch more than one of these downward 

travellers for some stages on the road to ruin。  One man 

must have been upwards of sixty before I first observed 

him; and he made then a decent; personable figure in 

broad…cloth of the best。  For three years he kept falling 

… grease coming and buttons going from the square…skirted 

coat; the face puffing and pimpling; the shoulders 

growing bowed; the hair falling scant and grey upon his 

head; and the last that ever I saw of him; he was 

standing at the mouth of an entry with several men in 

moleskin; three parts drunk; and his old black raiment 

daubed with mud。  I fancy that I still can hear him 

laugh。  There was something heart…breaking in this 

gradual declension at so advanced an age; you would have 

thought a man of sixty out of the reach of these 

calamities; you would have thought that he was niched by 

that time into a safe place in life; whence he could pass 

quietly and honourably into the grave。



One of the earliest marks of these DEGRINGOLADES is; 

that the victim begins to disappear from the New Town 

thoroughfares; and takes to the High Street; like a 

wounded animal to the woods。  And such an one is the type 

of the quarter。  It also has fallen socially。  A 

scutcheon over the door somewhat jars in sentiment where 

there is a washing at every window。  The old man; when I 

saw him last; wore the coat in which he had played the 

gentleman three years before; and that was just what gave 

him so pre…eminent an air of wretchedness。



It is true that the over…population was at least as 

dense in the epoch of lords and ladies; and that now…a…

days some customs which made Edinburgh notorious of yore 

have been fortunately pretermitted。  But an aggregation 

of comfort is not distasteful like an aggregation of the 

reverse。  Nobody cares how many lords and ladies; and 

divines and lawyers; may have been crowded into these 

houses in the past … perhaps the more the merrier。  The 

glasses clink around the china punch…bowl; some one 

touches the virginals; there are peacocks' feathers on 

the chimney; and the tapers burn clear and pale in the 

red firelight。  That is not an ugly picture in itself; 

nor will it become ugly upon repetition。  All the better 

if the like were going on in every second room; the LAND 

would only look the more inviting。  Times are changed。  

In one house; perhaps; two…score families herd together; 

and; perhaps; not one of them is wholly out of the reach 

of want。  The great hotel is given over to discomfort 

from the foundation to the chimney…tops; everywhere a 

pinching; narrow habit; scanty meals; and an air of 

sluttishness and dirt。  In the first room there is a 

birth; in another a death; in a third a sordid drinking…

bout; and the detective and the Bible…reader cross upon 

the stairs。  High words are audible from dwelling to 

dwelling; and children have a strange experience from the 

first; only a robust soul; you would think; could grow up 

in such conditions without hurt。  And even if God tempers 

His dispensations to the young; and all the ill does not 

arise that our apprehensions may forecast; the sight of 

such a way of living is disquieting to people who are 

more happily circumstanced。  Social inequality is nowh

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