phenomenology of mind-第97章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


transcendence　of　this　instinct　of　finding　its　object　lying　directly　at　hand；　and　passing　beyond　this
unconscious　state　of　its　existence。　The　directly　perceived　（angeshcaut）　category；　the　thing　simply
〃found〃；　enters　consciousness　as　the　self…existence　of　the　ego…ego；　which　now　knows　itself　in　the
objective　reality；　and　knows　itself　there　as　the　self。　But　this　feature　of　the　category；　viz。　of　being
for…itself　as　opposed　to　being　—　immanent　—　within　—　itself；　is　equally　one…sided；　and　a　moment
that　cancels　itself。　The　category　therefore　gets　for　consciousness　the　character　which　it　possesses
in　its　universal　truth　—　it　is　self…contained　essential　reality　（an　und　für　sich　seyendes　Wesen）。　This
character；　still　abstract；　which　constitutes　the　nature　of　absolute　fact；　of　〃fact　itself〃；　is　the
beginnings　of　〃spiritual　reality〃　（das　geistige　Wesen）；　and　its　mode　of　consciousness　is　here　a
formal　knowledge　of　that　reality；　a　knowledge　which　is　occupied　with　the　varied　and　manifold
content　thereof。　This　consciousness　is　still；　in　point　of　fact；　a　particular　individual　distinct　from　the
general　substance；　and　either　prescribes　arbitrary　laws　or　thinks　it　possesses　within　its　own
knowledge　as　such　the　laws　as　they　absolutely　are　（an　und　für　sich）；　and　takes　itself　to　be　the
power　that　passes　judgment　on　them。　Or　again；　looked　at　from　the　side　of　the　substance；　this　is
seen　to　be　the　self…contained　and　self…sufficient　spiritual　reality；　which　is　not　yet　a　consciousness　of
its　own　self。　The　self…contained　and　self…sufficient　reality；　however；　which　is　at　once　aware　of
being　actual　in　the　form　of　consciousness　and　presents　itself　to　itself；　is　Spirit。

Its　essential　spiritual　being　（Wesen）　has　been　above　designated　as　the　ethical　substance；　spirit；
however；　is　concrete　ethical　actuality　（Wirklichkeit）。　Spirit　is　the　self　of　the　actual　consciousness；
to　which　spirit　stands　opposed；　or　rather　which　appears　over　against　itself；　as　an　objective　actual
world　that　has　lost；　however；　all　sense　of　strangeness　for　the　self；　just　as　the　self　has　lost　all　sense
of　having　a　dependent　or　independent　existence　by　itself；　cut　off　and　separated　from　that　world。
Being　substance　and　universal　self…identical　permanent　essence　（Wesen）；　spirit　is　the　immovable
irreducible　basis　and　the　starting　point　for　the　action　of　all　and　every　one；　it　is　their　purpose　and
their　goal；　because　the　ideally　implicit　nature　（Ansich）　of　all　self…consciousnesses。　This　substance　is
likewise　the　universal　product；　wrought　and　created　by　the　action　of　each　and　all；　and　constituting
their　unity　and　likeness　and　identity　of　meaning；　for　it　is　self…existence　（Fürsichseyn）；　the　self；
action。　Qua　substance；　spirit　is　unbending　righteous　selfsameness；　self…identity；　but　qua　for…itself；
self…existent　and　self…determined　（Fürsichseyn）；　its　continuity　is　resolved　into　discrete　elements；　it
is　the　self…sacrificing　soul　of　goodness；　the　benevolent　essential　nature　in　which　each　fulfils　his　own
special　work；　rends　the　continuum　of　the　universal　substance；　and　takes　his　own　share　of　it。　This
resolution　of　the　essence　into　individual　forms　is　just　the　aspect　of　the　separate　action　and　the
separate　self　of　all　the　several　individuals；　it　is　the　moving　soul　of　the　ethical　substance；　the　resultant
universal　spiritual　being。　Just　because　this　substance　is　a　being　resolved　in　the　self；　it　is　not　a　lifeless
essence；　but　actual　and　alive。

Spirit　is　thus　the　self…supporting　absolutely　real　ultimate　being　（Wesen）。　All　the　previous　modes　of
consciousness　are　abstractions　from　it：　they　are　constituted　by　the　fact　that　spirit　analyses　itself；
distinguishes　its　moments；　and　halts　at　each　individual　mode　in　turn。　The　isolating　of　such　moments
presupposes　spirit　itself　and　requires　spirit　for　its　subsistence；　in　other　words；　this　isolation　of
modes　only　exists　within　spirit；　which　is　existence。　Taken　in　isolation　they　appear　as　if　they　existed
as　they　stand。　But　their　advance　and　return　upon　their　real　ground　and　essential　being　showed　that
they　are　merely　moments　or　vanishing　quantities；　and　this　essential　being　is　precisely　this　movement
and　resolution　of　these　moments。　Here；　where　spirit；　the　reflexion　of　these　moments　into　itself；　has
become　established；　our　reflexion　may　briefly　recall　them　in　this　connexion：　they　were
consciousness；　self…consciousness；　and　reason。　Spirit　is　thus　Consciousness　in　general；　which
contains　sense…certainty；　perception　and　understanding；　so　far　as　in　analysing　its　own　self　it　holds
fast　by　the　moment　of　being　a　reality　objective　to　itself；　and　by　abstraction　eliminates　the　fact　that
this　reality　is　its　own　self　objectified；　its　own　self…existence。　When　again　it　holds　fast　by　the　other
abstract　moment　produced　by　analysis；　the　fact　that　its　object　is　its　own　self　become　objective　to
itself；　is　its　self…existence；　then　it　is　Self…consciousness。　But　as　immediate　consciousness　of　its
inherent　and　its　explicit　being；　of　its　immanent　self　and　its　objective　self；　as　the　unity　of
consciousness　and　self…consciousness；　it　is　that　type　of　consciousness　which　has　Reason：　it　is　the
consciousness　which；　as　the　word　〃have〃　indicates；　has　the　object　in　a　shape　which　is　implicitly
and　inherently　rational；　or　is　categorized；　but　in　such　a　way　that　the　object　is　not　yet　taken　by　the
consciousness　in　question　to　have　the　value　of　a　category。　Spirit　here　is　that　consciousness　from
the　immediately　preceding　consideration　of　which　we　have　arrived　at　the　present　stage。　Finally；
when　this　reason；　which　spirit　〃has〃；　is　seen　by　spirit　to　be　reason　which　actually　is；　to　be　reason
which　is　actual　in　spirit；　and　is　its　world；　then　spirit　has　come　to　its　truth；　it　is　spirit；　the　essential
nature　of　ethical　life　actually　existent。

Spirit；　so　far　as　it　is　the　immediate；　truth；　is　the　ethical　life　of　a　nation：　—　the　individual；　which　is　a
world。　It　has　to　advance　to　the　consciousness　of　what　it　is　immediately；　it　has　to　abandon　and
transcend　the　beautiful　simplicity　of　ethical　life；　and　get　to　a　knowledge　of　itself　by　passing　through
a　series　of　stages　and　forms。　The　distinction　between　these　and　those　that　have　gone　before
consists　in　their　being　real　spiritual　individualities　（Geister）；　actualities　proper；　and　instead　of　being
forms　merely　of　consciousness；　they　are　forms　of　a　world。

The　living　ethical　world　is　spirit　in　its　truth。　As　it　first　comes　to　an　abstract　knowledge　of　its
essential　nature；　ethical　life　（Sittlichkeit）　is　destroyed　in　the　formal　universality　of　right　or　legality
（Recht）。　Spirit；　being　now　sundered　within　itself；　traces　one　of　its　worlds　in　the　element　of　its
objectivity　as　in　a　crass　solid　actuality；　this　is　the　realm　of　Culture　and　Civilization；　while　over
against　this　in　the　element　of　thought　is　traced　the　world　of　Belief　or　Faith；　the　realm　of　the　。Inner
Life　and　Truth　（Wesen）。　Both　worlds；　however；　when　in　the　grip　of　the　notion　—　when　grasped　by
spirit　which；　after　this　loss　of　self　through　self…diremption；　penetrates　itself　—　are　thrown　into
confusion　and　revolutionized　through　individual　Insight　（Einsicht）；　and　the　general　diffusion　of　this
attitude；　known　as　the　〃Enlightenment〃　（Aufkl？rung）。　And　the　realm　which　had　thus　been　divided
and　expanded　into　the　〃present〃　and　the　〃remote　beyond〃；　into　the　〃here〃　and　the　〃yonder〃；　turns
back　into　self…consciousness。　This　self…consciousness；　again；　taking　now　the　form　of　Morality　（the
inner　moral　life）　apprehends　itself　as　the　essential　truth；　and　the　real　essence　as　its　actual　self　no
longer　puts　its　world　and　its　ground　and　basis　away　outside　itself；　but　lets　everything　fade　into
itself；　and　in　the　form　of　Conscience　（Gewissen）　is　spirit　sure　and　certain　（gewiss）　of　itself。

The　ethical　world；　the　world　rent　asunder　into　the　〃here〃　and　the　〃yonder〃；　and　the　moral　point　of
view　（moralische　Weltanschauung）；　are；　then；　individual　forms　of　spirit　（Geister）　whose　process
and　whose　return　into　the　self　of　spirit；　a　self　simple　and　self…existent　（fürsichseyend）；　will　be
developed。　As　these　attain　their　goal　and　final　result；　the　actual　self…consciousness　of　Absolute
Spirit　will　make　its　appearance　and　be　their　outcome。