money answers all things-第12章

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tine　Exportation　of　our　Wool；　for　it's　evident；　since　there　are　the　best　Laws　and　severest　Penalties；　that　could　well　be　devised；　already　made　to　prevent　the　running　our　Wool；　whoever　will　have　it　must　wade　through　all　the　Difficulties　and　Impediments　that　lie　in　their　Way；　which　can't　possibly　be　done　without　very　great　Charges；　and　sometimes　losing　the　Wool　they　are　endeavouring　to　run；　whence　our　Wool　must　needs　come　vastly　dearer　to　those　Nations　that　so　fetch　it　from　us；　than　what　the　same　Wool　costs　our　own　Manufacturers；　wherefore；　if　the　People　in　foreign　Nations　could　not　live　a　vast　deal　cheaper　than　we　can　do；　they　could　not　be　able　to　work　so　much　cheaper；　as　to　prevent　us　from　sending　them　our　manufactures。　But　because　the　Necessaries　of　Life　cost　them　a　vast　deal　less　than　those　Things　cost　us；　therefore　notwithstanding　our　Wool　costs　them　a　vast　deal　more；　for　the　Reasons　above　assigned；　than　it　cost　us；　yet　they　are　able　by　this　Means　to　make　the　manufactures　cheaper　for　themselves　than　they　can　have　them　from　us；（12*）　and　this　is　both　the　Cause　and　Encouragement　of　the　running　our　Wool；　and　enables　those　that　so　fetch　it　from　us；　to　interfere　with　us；　at　other　foreign　Markets；　with　the　Manufactures　they　make　of　our　Wool；　since　they　can　make　them　cheaper　than　we　can；　and；　for　ought　I　can　see；　they　might　be　able；　if　they　could　get　these　Manufactures　imported　amongst　us；　to　beat　us　out　of　this　Branch　of　our　Trade　even　amongst　ourselves；　if　we　should　continue　to　keep　the　Necessaries　of　Life　so　dear　as　to　prevent　our　Manufacturers　from　working　cheaper。　　　　　But　if　we　make　our　Victuals　and　Drink　so　much　cheaper；　as　shall　enable　us　to　work　as　cheap　as　other　Nations　can　do；（13*）　the　running　our　Wool　will　stop　of　itself；　for　we　shall　then　be　able　to　send　them　our　Manufactures　so　cheap；　as　to　prevent　them　from　putting　themselves　to　such　extraordinary　Difficulties　and　Charges　to　get　our　Wool；　as　they　now　certainly　must　do　if　they　will　have　it　from　us。　　　　　And　as　this　is　the　natural　Means　to　prevent　the　running　our　Wool；　so；　I　believe；　I　may　be　positive　the　Woollen　Manufactures　in　England　will　never　be　promoted　or　relieved　any　other　Way　whatsoever；　because　whilst　the　Necessaries　of　Life　cost　so　much　as　they　now　do　amongst　us；　most　other　Nations　will　be　able　to　work　a　great　deal　cheaper　than　we。（14*）　And　if　thereby　they　are　really　found　able　to　interfere　in　almost　the　only　natural　Branch　of　our　Trade；　how　much　more　must　this　affect　us　in　many　other　Branches　of　our　foreign　Trade；　beside　the　Encouragement　they　by　this　Means　find　to　vend　their　Wares　to　us；　whilst　our　Commodities　are　by　this　Means　too　dear　to　find　sufficient　Encouragement　at　any　of　those　foreign　Markets　that　can　work　cheaper　than　we？　　　　　But　to　encourage　our　Woollen　Manufactures；　we　ought　most　certainly　to　make　them　cheaper；　that　many　of　our　own　People；　who　now　go　in　Rags；　and　almost　naked；　may　be　able　much　easier　to　purchase　Cloaths；　and　many　others　may　be　more　frequently　cloathed　than　they　are；　or；　I　believe；　as　Things　now　stand；　they　can　be；　but　as　this　can't　be　done　but　by　employing　abundance　more　of　our　People　in　Cultivation　of　Land；　so　the　employing　them　this　Way；　which　will　certainly　make　Things　cheaper　to　what　Degree　we　please；　will　also　enable　the　People　to　purchase　such　Cloaths　as　will　defend　them　from　the　Cold　and　Weather；　and　put　it　in　the　Power　of　abundance　of　People　to　be　sweet　and　clean；　who　are　now；　without　Remedy；　a　Reproach　not　only　to　our　Country；　but　even　to　human　Nature　itself。　　　　　And　thus　I　think　our　Woollen　Manufactures；　which　now　even　lie　by　and　spoil；　or　rot　in　our　Warehouses；　would　be　certainly　wanted；　and　used　as　fast　as　they　could　be　made　by　our　Manufacturers；　and　this；　I　think；　would　save　our　Government　the　Charge　they　are　now　at　for　Officers　and　Vessels　to　prevent　the　running　our　Wool；　which　I　suppose　can't　be　an　inconsiderable　Article。　　　　　For　such　a　greater　Consumption　of　our　Wool　at　home　would　take　up　a　good　Part　of　that　Surplus；　which　perhaps；　as　things　now　stand；　would　make　Wool　of　little　Value；　if　Foreigners　did　not　fetch　it　clandestinely　from　us；　and　what　a　Tendency　this　hath　to　make　our　Gentry　connive　at　the　running　our　Wool；　to　enable　the　Grower　to　pay　his　Rent；　I　shall　leave　to　every　one's　own　Reflection。　　　　　Fourthly；　The　full　and　sufficient　Execution　of　this　Proposal　will　lessen　the　Number　of　Hawkers　and　Pedlars；　and　all　other　Tradesmen　in　every　Business；　which　is　now　overstocked　with　Numbers；　by　making　it　more　profitable　to　them　to　employ　themselves　in　transacting　the　Trade　and　Affairs；　that　must　necessarily　arise　by　increasing　the　Produce　of　the　Earth　to　so　very　considerable　a　Degree；　as　will　be　needful　to　attain　the　End　I　am　persuing　in　this　Essay。　　　　　For　if　so　great　a　Quantity　of　waste　land　were　annually　added　and　cultivated；　as　would　hold　Proportion　not　only　to　the　natural　Increase　of　Mankind；　which　I　have　shewn　must　at　present　be　at　least　86　square　Miles　every　Year；　and　if　so　much　more　waste　Land　were　also　added；　as　would　lower　the　Price　of　Necessaries　so　much　as　shall　be　effectual　to　enable　the　Poor　to　work　considerably　cheaper；　than　they　now　can　do；　as　there　then　would　be　a　prodigious　deal　of　Work　created；　which　is　now　wanted　to　employ　the　Poor；　and　enable　them　to　subsist　without　being　chargeable　to　the　Publick；　that　they；　together　with　many　others；　may　become　much　greater　Consumers；　than　ever　they　can　be；　till　the　Plenty　of　every　thing　is　rendered　great　enough　to　admit　so　much　greater　Consumption；　so　this　would　certainly　make　abundance　of　Trade　and　Business　for　Shopkeepers　and　other　Venders　not　only　of　this　extraordinary　Quantity　of　Produce；　but　of　all　kinds　of　Manufactures；　which　will　most　certainly　be　made　and　consumed　at　home；　or　vended　abroad；　in　consequence　of　the　Plenty　of　these　Things　arising　from　the　continual　Addition　of　so　much　waste　Land　every　Year：　I　say　therefore；　as　this　must　needs　create　a　prodigious　deal　of　Trade　for　Venders　of　all　sorts　of　Goods；　more　than　now　exists；　or　can　exist　till　this　be　done；　so　it　must　needs　cause　many　of　those；　who　now；　to　get　their　bread；　travel　the　country　with　Packs　and　Burthens　enough　to　break　their　Backs；　sometimes　Miles　before　they　have　taken　so　much　Pains　they　often　sell　nothing；　I　say；　this　must　needs　cause　many　such　Hawkers　and　Pedlars　to　employ　themselves　at　their　own　Habitations　or　proper　neighbouring　Markets；　and　prevent　others；　by　making　it　unnecessary；　and　not　so　well　worth　while；　from　entering　on　so　labourious　and　painful　an　Employment　as　Hawkers　and　Pedlers　do　and　must　submit　to；　besides　that　to　save　the　extraordinary　Charges　which　are　almost　unavoidable　to　Travellers；　they　not　only　fare　hard；　but　commonly　lodge　in　Barns。　　　　　Wherefore　if　this　Proposal　were　to　be　executed；　the　Number　of　Hawkers　and　Pedlars　would　certainly　be　so　much　lessened　that　they　would　be　no　such　Injury　to　Shop…keepers　as　their　almost　universal　petitioning　against　them　to　the　Parliament；　and　the　very　Nature　of　hawking　Goods　about　Town　and　Country　shews　they　certainly　are；　and　must　continue　to　be；　not　only　to　shop…keepers；　but　to　Landlords　of　Houses　too；　because　they　disable　the　Shop…keepers　to　pay　the　Rents。　　　　　And　as　this　Proposal　is　the　only　natural　Means　to　lessen　the　Number　of　Hawkers　and　Pedlars；　and　all　other　Tradesmen　whose　Trades　are　too　numerous；　so　I　believe　it's　the　only　possible　Way　to　remove　the　Mischief　now　brought　on　most　Trades　by　hawking　Goods；　for　in　almost　every　Trade；　even　where　vast　Sums　are　employed；　and　where　they　can't　carry　their　Goods　from　place　to　place；　it　is　become　a　Rule　to　court　and　solicit　Customers　in　Town　and　Country；　not　only　to　the　great　and　unreasonable　Reduction　of　the　Profits　of　Trade；　which　when　hawking　Goods　thus　becomes　general；　will　be　inseparable　to　this　Practice；　but　also　to　the　very　great　and　extraordinary　Expence　of　every　Tradesman；　who　will　put　in　for　a　Share　of　Trade；　and　not　stay　at　home　whilst　others　pick　away　his　Customers；　besides　that　the　Customers　so　obtained　are　often　in　such　Circumstances；　as　occasion　the　making　more　and　larger　bad　Debts；　than　would　probably　be　made　if　Goods　were　not　pushed　off　by　such　extraordinary　Means；　but　if　what　I　here　propose　be　executed；　all　these　Evils　will　be　so　far　remedied；　that　it　will　be　every　man's