part05+-第102章

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is；　of　course；　utterly　opposed　to　it；　and　Great　Britain　will　not



sign　if　any　besides　those　agreed　upon　by　the　signatory　powers　are



allowed　to　come　in　hereafter；　her　motive　being；　no　doubt；　to



avoid　trouble　in　regard　to　the　Transvaal。







Mr。　Low　stated　that　in　the　great　committee　the　prevailing　opinion



seemed　to　be　that　the　signatory　powers　had　made　a　sort　of



partnership；　and　that　no　new　partners　could　be　added　without　the



consent　of　all。　This　is　the　natural　ground；　and　entirely　tenable。







I　would　have　been　glad　to　add　the　additional　requirement　that　no



power　should　be　admitted　which　would　not　make　arbitration



reciprocalthat　is；　no　power　which；　while　aiding　to　arbitrate



for　others；　would　not　accept　arbitration　between　itself　and



another　power。　This　would；　of　course；　exclude　the　Vatican；　for；



while　it　desires　to　judge　others；　it　will　allow　no　interests　of



its　own；　not　even　the　most　worldly　and　trivial；　to　be　submitted



to　any　earthly　tribunal。







The　question　now　came　up　in　our　American　delegation　as　to　signing



the　three　conventions　in　the　Acte　Finalnamely；　those　relating



to　arbitration；　to　the　extension　of　the　Geneva　rules；　and　to　the



laws　and　customs　of　war。　We　voted　to　sign　the　first；　to　send　the



second　to　Washington　without　recommendation；　and　to　send　the



third　with　a　recommendation　that　it　be　there　signed。　The　reason



for　sending　the　second　to　Washington　without　recommendation　is



that　Captain　Mahan　feels　that；　in　its　present　condition；　it　may



bring　on　worse　evils　than　it　prevents。　He　especially　and；　I



think；　justly　objects　to　allowing　neutral　hospital　ships　to　take



on　board　the　wounded　and　shipwrecked　in　a　naval　action；　with



power　to　throw　around　them　the　safeguards　of　neutrality　and　carry



them　off　to　a　neutral　port　whence　they　can　again　regain　their　own



homes　and　resume　their　status　as　combatants。







The　reason　for　submitting　the　third　to　Washington；　with　a



recommendation　to　sign　it　there；　is　that　considerable　work　will



be　required　in　conforming　our　laws　of　war　to　the　standard



proposed　by　the　conference；　and　that　it　is　best　that　the



Washington　authorities　look　it　over　carefully。







I　was　very　anxious　to　sign　all　three　conventions；　but　the　first



is　the　great　one；　and　I　yielded　my　views　on　the　last　two。







The　powers　are　to　have　until　the　31st　of　December；　if　they　wish



it；　before　signing。











July　27。







Early　in　the　morning　to　a　meeting　of　our　American　delegation；　Mr。



van　Karnebeek　being　present。　We　agreed　to　sign　the　arbitration



convention；　attaching　to　our　signatures　a　reservation　embodying



our　declaration　of　July　25　regarding　the　maintenance　of　our



American　policythe　Monroe　Doctrine。　A　telegram　was　received



from　the　State　Department　approving　of　this　declaration。　The



imbroglio　regarding　the　forcing　of　the　Pope　into　the　midst　of　the



signatory　powers　continues。　The　ultramontanes　are　pushing　on



various　delegates；　especially　sundry　Austrians　and　Belgians；　who



depend　on　clerical　support　for　their　political　existence；　and；　in



some　cases；　for　their　daily　bread；　and　the　result　is　that　M。



Descamps；　one　of　the　most　eminent　international　lawyers　in



Europe；　who　has　rendered　great　services　during　the　conference；



but　who　holds　a　professorship　at　the　University　of　Louvain；　and



can　hold　it　not　one　moment　longer　than　the　Jesuits　allow　him；　is



making　a　great　display　of　feeling　on　the　subject。　Italy；　of



course；　continues　to　take　the　strongest　ground　against　the



proposal　to　admit　his　Holiness　as　an　Italian　sovereign。







Our　position　is；　as　was　well　stated　in　the　great　committee　by　Mr。



Low；　that　the　contracting　parties　must　all　consent　before　a　new



party　can　come　in；　and　this　under　one　of　the　simplest　principles



of　law。　We　ought　also　to　add　that　any　power　thus　admitted　shall



not　only　consent　to　arbitrate　on　others；　but　to　be　arbitrated



upon。　This；　of　course；　the　Vatican　monsignori　will　never　do。　They



would　see　all　Europe　deluged　in　blood　before　they　would　submit



the　pettiest　question　between　the　kingdom　of　Italy　and　themselves



to　arbitration　by　lay　powers。　All　other　things　are　held　by　them



utterly　subordinate　to　the　restoration　of　the　Pope's　temporal



power；　though　they　must　know　that　if　it　were　restored　to　him



to…morrow　he　could　not　hold　it。　He　would　be　overthrown　by　a



revolution　within　a　month；　even　with　all　the　troops　which　France



or　Austria　could　send　to　support　him；　and　then　we　should　have　the



old　miserable　state　of　things　again　in　Italy；　with　bloodshed；



oppression；　and　exactions　such　as　took　place　throughout　the　first



half　of　this　century；　and；　indeed；　while　I　was　in　Italy；　under



the　old　papal　authority；　in　1856。







In　the　afternoon　to　the　〃House　in　the　Wood〃　to　go　over　documents



preliminary　to　signing　the　〃Final　Act。〃











July　28。







In　the　afternoon　in　plenary　session　of　the　conference；　hearing



the　final　reports　as　to　forms　of　signing；　etc。







To…day　appears　in　the　London　〃Times〃　the　interview　which　its



correspondent　had　with　me　yesterday。　It　develops　the　reasons　for



our　declaration；　and　seems　to　give　general　satisfaction。　Sir



Julian　Pauncefote　told　Holls　that　he　liked　it　much。







The　committee　on　forms　of　the　〃Final　Act；〃　etc。；　has　at　last；



under　pressure　of　all　sorts；　agreed　that　the　question　of



admitting　non…signatory　powers　shall　be　decided　by　the　signatory



powers；　hereafter；　through　the　ordinary　medium　of　diplomatic



correspondence。　This　is　unfortunate　for　some　of　the　South



American　republics；　but　it　will　probably　in　some　way　inure　to　the



benefit　of　the　Vatican　monsignori。











July　29。







The　last　and　culminating　day　of　the　conference。







In　the　morning　the　entire　body　gathered　in　the　great　hall　of　the



〃House　in　the　Wood；〃　and　each　delegation　was　summoned　thence　to



sign　the　protocol；　conventions；　and　declarations。　These　were　laid



out　on　a　long　table　in　the　dining…room　of　the　palace；　which　is



adorned　with　very　remarkable　paintings　of　mythological　subjects



imitating　bas…reliefs。







All　these　documents　had　the　places　for　each　signature　prepared



beforehand；　and　our　seals；　in　wax；　already　placed　upon　the　pages



adjoining　the　place　where　each　signature　was　to　be。　At　the



request　of　the　Foreign　Office　authorities　for　my　seal；　I　had　sent



a　day　or　two　beforehand　the　seal　ring　which　Goldwin　Smith　gave　me



at　the　founding　of　Cornell　University。　It　is　an　ancient　carnelian



intaglio　which　he　obtained　in　Rome；　and　bears　upon　its　face；



exquisitely　engraved；　a　Winged　Victory。　This　seal　I　used　during



my　entire　connection　with　Cornell　University；　and　also　as　a



member　of　the　Electoral　College　of　the　State　of　New　York　at



General　Grant's　second　election；　when；　at　the　request　of　the



president　of　that　body；　Governor　Woodford；　it　was　used　in　sealing



certificates　of　the　election；　which　were　sent；　according　to　law；



to　certain　high　officials　of　our　government。







I　affixed　my　signature　to　the　arbitration　convention；　writing　in；



as　agreed；　the　proviso　that　our　signatures　were　subject　to　the



Monroe　Doctrine　declaration　made　in　open　session　of　the



conference　on　July　25。　The　other　members　of　the　American



delegation　then　signed　in　proper　order。　But　the　two　other



conventions　we　left　unsigned。　It　was　with　deep　regret　that　I



turned　away　from　these；　but　the　majority　of　the　delegation　had



decreed　it；　and　it　was　difficult　to　see　what　other　course　we



could　pursue。　I　trust　that　the　Washington　authorities　will



rectify　t