on some fossil remains of man-第2章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


which　are　worn　down　to　the　roots。

〃I　possess　two　vertebrae；　a　first　and　last　dorsal。

〃A　clavicle　of　the　left　side　（see　Plate　III。；　Fig。　1）；　although　it
belonged　to　a　young　individual；　this　bone　shows　that　he　must　have　been
of　great　stature。*

　　　　＇footnote＇　*The　figure　of　this　clavicle　measures　5　inches
　　　　from　end　to　end　in　a　straight　lineso　that　the　bone　is
　　　　rather　a　small　than　a　large　one。

〃Two　fragments　of　the　radius；　badly　preserved；　do　not　indicate　that　the
height　of　the　man；　to　whom　they　belonged；　exceeded　five　feet　and　a
half。

〃As　to　the　remains　of　the　upper　extremities；　those　which　are　in　my
possession　consist　merely　of　a　fragment　of　an　ulna　and　of　a　radius
（Plate　III。；　Figs。　5　and　6）。

〃Figure　2；　Plate　IV。；　represents　a　metacarpal　bone；　contained　in　the
breccia；　of　which　we　have　spoken；　it　was　found　in　the　lower　part　above
the　cranium：　add　to　this　some　metacarpal　bones；　found　at　very　different
distances；　half…a…dozen　metatarsals；　three　phalanges　of　the　hand；　and
one　of　the　foot。

〃This　is　a　brief　enumeration　of　the　remains　of　human　bones　collected　in
the　cavern　of　Engis；　which　has　preserved　for　us　the　remains　of　three
individuals；　surrounded　by　those　of　the　Elephant；　of　the　Rhinoceros；
and　of　Carnivora　of　species　unknown　in　the　present　creation。〃

From　the　cave　of　Engihoul；　opposite　that　of　Engis；　on　the　right　bank　of
the　Meuse；　Schmerling　obtained　the　remains　of　three　other　individuals
of　Man；　among　which　were　only　two　fragments　of　parietal　bones；　but　many
bones　of　the　extremities。　　In　one　case　a　broken　fragment　of　an　ulna　was
soldered　to　a　like　fragment　of　a　radius　by　stalagmite；　a　condition
frequently　observed　among　the　bones　of　the　Cave　Bear　（'Ursus
spelaeus'）；　found　in　the　Belgian　caverns。

It　was　in　the　cavern　of　Engis　that　Professor　Schmerling　found；　incrusted
with　stalagmite　and　joined　to　a　stone；　the　pointed　bone　implement；
which　he　has　figured　in　Fig。　7　of　his　Plate　XXXVI。；　and　worked　flints
were　found　by　him　in　all　those　Belgian　caves；　which　contained　an
abundance　of　fossil　bones。

A　short　letter　from　M。　Geoffroy　St。　Hilaire；　published　in　the　'Comptes
Rendus'　of　the　Academy　of　Sciences　of　Paris；　for　July　2nd；　1838；　speaks
of　a　visit　（and　apparently　a　very　hasty　one）　paid　to　the　collection　of
Professor　'Schermidt'　（which　is　presumably　a　misprint　for　Schmerling）
at　Liege。　　The　writer　briefly　criticises　the　drawings　which　illustrate
Schmerling's　work；　and　affirms　that　the　〃human　cranium　is　a　little
longer　than　it　is　represented〃　in　Schmerling's　figure。　　The　only　other
remark　worth　quoting　is　this：〃The　aspect　of　the　human　bones　differs
little　from　that　of　the　cave　bones；　with　which　we　are　familiar；　and　of
which　there　is　a　considerable　collection　in　the　same　place。　　With
respect　to　their　special　forms；　compared　with　those　of　the　varieties　of
recent　human　crania；　few　'certain'　conclusions　can　be　put　forward；　for
much　greater　differences　exist　between　the　different　specimens　of
well…characterized　varieties；　than　between　the　fossil　cranium　of　Liege
and　that　of　one　of　those　varieties　selected　as　a　term　of　comparison。〃

Geoffroy　St。　Hilaire's　remarks　are；　it　will　be　observed；　little　but　an
echo　of　the　philosophic　doubts　of　the　describer　and　discoverer　of　the
remains。　　As　to　the　critique　upon　Schmerling's　figures；　I　find　that　the
side　view　given　by　the　latter　is　really　about　3/10ths　of　an　inch
shorter　than　the　original；　and　that　the　front　view　is　diminished　to
about　the　same　extent。　　Otherwise　the　representation　is　not；　in　any
way；　inaccurate；　but　corresponds　very　well　with　the　cast　which　is　in　my
possession。

A　piece　of　the　occipital　bone；　which　Schmerling　seems　to　have　missed；
has　since　been　fitted　on　to　the　rest　of　the　cranium　by　an　accomplished
anatomist；　Dr。　Spring；　of　Liege；　under　whose　direction　an　excellent
plaster　cast　was　made　for　Sir　Charles　Lyell。　　It　is　upon　and　from　a
duplicate　of　that　cast　that　my　own　observations　and　the　accompanying
figures；　the　outlines　of　which　are　copied　from　very　accurate　Camera
lucida　drawings；　by　my　friend　Mr。　Busk；　reduced　to　one…half　of　the
natural　size；　are　made。

As　Professor　Schmerling　observes；　the　base　of　the　skull　is　destroyed；
and　the　facial　bones　are　entirely　absent；　but　the　roof　of　the　cranium；
consisting　of　the　frontal；　parietal；　and　the　greater　part　of　the
occipital　bones；　as　far　as　the　middle　of　the　occipital　foramen；　is
entire　or　nearly　so。　The　left　temporal　bone　is　wanting。　　Of　the　right
temporal；　the　parts　in　the　immediate　neighbourhood　of　the　auditory
foramen；　the　mastoid　process；　and　a　considerable　portion　of　the
squamous　element　of　the　temporal　are　well　preserved　（Fig。　22）。

The　lines　of　fracture　which　remain　between　the　coadjusted　pieces　of　the
skull；　and　are　faithfully　displayed　in　Schmerling's　figure；　are　readily
traceable　in　the　cast。　　The　sutures　are　also　discernible；　but　the
complex　disposition　of　their　serrations；　shown　in　the　figure；　is　not
obvious　in　the　cast。　　Though　the　ridges　which　give　attachment　to　muscles
are　not　excessively　prominent；　they　are　well　marked；　and　taken　together
with　the　apparently　well　developed　frontal　sinuses；　and　the　condition
of　the　sutures；　leave　no　doubt　on　my　mind　that　the　skull　is　that　of　an
adult；　if　not　middle…aged　man。

The　extreme　length　of　the　skull　is　7。7　inches。　　Its　extreme　breadth；
which　corresponds　very　nearly　with　the　interval　between　the　parietal
protuberances；　is　not　more　than　5。4　inches。　　The　proportion　of　the
length　to　the　breadth　is　therefore　very　nearly　as　100　to　70。　　If　a　line
be　drawn　from　the　point　at　which　the　brow　curves　in　towards　the　root　of
the　nose；　and　which　is　called　the　'glabella'　（'a'）　（Fig。　22）；　to　the
occipital　protuberance　（'b'）；　and　the　distance　to　the　highest　point　of
the　arch　of　the　skull　be　measured　perpendicularly　from　this　line；　it
will　be　found　to　be　4。75　inches。　　Viewed　from　above；　Fig。　23；　A；　the
forehead　presents　an　evenly　rounded　curve；　and　passes　into　the　contour
of　the　sides　and　back　of　the　skull；　which　describes　a　tolerably　regular
elliptical　curve。

The　front　view　（Fig。　23；　B）　shows　that　the　roof　of　the　skull　was　very
regularly　and　elegantly　arched　in　the　transverse　direction；　and　that
the　transverse　diameter　was　a　little　less　below　the　parietal
protuberances；　than　above　them。　　The　forehead　cannot　be　called　narrow　in
relation　to　the　rest　of　the　skull；　nor　can　it　be　called　a　retreating
forehead；　on　the　contrary；　the　antero…posterior　contour　of　the　skull　is
well　arched；　so　that　the　distance　along　that　contour；　from　the　nasal
depression　to　the　occipital　protuberance；　measures　about　13。75　inches。
The　transverse　arc　of　the　skull；　measured　from　one　auditory　foramen　to
the　other；　across　the　middle　of　the　sagittal　suture；　is　about　13
inches。　　The　sagittal　suture　itself　is　5。5　inches　long。

The　supraciliary　prominences　or　brow…ridges　（on　each　side　of　'a'；　Fig。
22）　are　well；　but　not　excessively；　developed；　and　are　separated　by　a
median　depression。　　Their　principal　elevation　is　disposed　so　obliquely
that　I　judge　them　to　be　due　to　large　frontal　sinuses。

If　a　line　joining　the　glabella　and　the　occipital　protuberance　（'a'；　'b'；
Fig。　22）　be　made　horizontal；　no　part　of　the　occipital　region　projects
more　than　1/10th　of　an　inch　behind　the　posterior　extremity　of　that
line；　and　the　upper　edge　of　the　auditory　foramen　（'c'）　is　almost　in
contact　with　a　line　drawn　parallel　with　this　upon　the　outer　surface　of
the　skull。

A　transverse　line　drawn　from　one　auditory　foramen　to　the　other
traverses；　as　usual；　the　forepart　of　the　occipital　foramen。　　The
capacity　of　the　interior　of　this　fragmentary　skull　has　not　been
ascertained。

The　history　of　the　Human　remains　from　the　cavern　in　the　Neanderthal　may
best　be　given　in　the　words　of　their　original　describer；　Dr
Schaaffhausen*；　as　translated　by　Mr。　Busk。

　　　　＇footnote＇　*ON　THE　CRANIA　OF　THE　MOST　ANCIENT　RACES　OF　MAN。
　　　　By　Professor　D。　Schaaffhausen；　of　Bonn。　　（From　Muller's
　　　　'Archiv'。；　1858；　pp。　453。）　　With　Remarks；　and　original
　　　　Figures；　taken　from　a　Cast　of　the　Neanderthal　Cranium。　　By
　　　　George　Busk；　F。R。S。；　etc。　'Natural　History　Review'。　　April；
　　　　1861。

〃In　the　early　part　of　the　year　1857；　a　hu