character-第32章

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the　difficulties　he　had　to　encounter　and　overcome。　　〃There　is　no

man　in　Germany；〃　said　Hutten；　〃who　more　utterly　despises　death

than　does　Luther。〃　　And　to　his　moral　courage；　perhaps　more　than

to　that　of　any　other　single　man；　do　we　owe　the　liberation　of

modern　thought；　and　the　vindication　of　the　great　rights　of

the　human　understanding。



The　honourable　and　brave　man　does　not　fear　death　compared　with

ignominy。　　It　is　said　of　the　Royalist　Earl　of　Strafford　that；　as

he　walked　to　the　scaffold　on　Tower　Hill；　his　step　and　manner　were

those　of　a　general　marching　at　the　head　of　an　army　to　secure

victory；　rather　than　of　a　condemned　man　to　undergo　sentence　of

death。　　So　the　Commonwealth's　man；　Sir　John　Eliot；　went　alike

bravely　to　his　death　on　the　same　spot；　saying：　〃Ten　thousand

deaths　rather　than　defile　my　conscience；　the　chastity　and　purity

of　which　I　value　beyond　all　this　world。〃　　Eliot's　greatest

tribulation　was　on　account　of　his　wife；　whom　he　had　to　leave

behind。　　When　he　saw　her　looking　down　upon　him　from　the　Tower

window；　he　stood　up　in　the　cart；　waved　his　hat；　and　cried：　〃To

heaven；　my　love！to　heaven！and　leave　you　in　the　storm！〃　　As

he　went　on　his　way；　one　in　the　crowd　called　out；　〃That　is　the　most

glorious　seat　you　ever　sat　on；〃　to　which　he　replied：　〃It　is　so；

indeed！〃　and　rejoiced　exceedingly。　（5）



Although　success　is　the　guerdon　for　which　all　men　toil；　they　have

nevertheless　often　to　labour　on　perseveringly；　without　any　glimmer

of　success　in　sight。　　They　have　to　live；　meanwhile；　upon　their

couragesowing　their　seed；　it　may　be；　in　the　dark；　in　the　hope

that　it　will　yet　take　root　and　spring　up　in　achieved　result。　　The

best　of　causes　have　had　to　fight　their　way　to　triumph　through　a

long　succession　of　failures；　and　many　of　the　assailants　have　died

in　the　breach　before　the　fortress　has　been　won。　　The　heroism　they

have　displayed　is　to　be　measured；　not　so　much　by　their　immediate

success；　as　by　the　opposition　they　have　encountered；　and　the

courage　with　which　they　have　maintained　the　struggle。



The　patriot　who　fights　an　always…losing　battlethe　martyr　who

goes　to　death　amidst　the　triumphant　shouts　of　his　enemiesthe

discoverer；　like　Columbus；　whose　heart　remains　undaunted　through

the　bitter　years　of　his　〃long　wandering　woe〃are　examples　of　the

moral　sublime　which　excite　a　profounder　interest　in　the　hearts　of

men　than　even　the　most　complete　and　conspicuous　success。　　By　the

side　of　such　instances　as　these；　how　small　by　comparison　seem　the

greatest　deeds　of　valour；　inciting　men　to　rush　upon　death　and　die

amidst　the　frenzied　excitement　of　physical　warfare！



But　the　greater　part　of　the　courage　that　is　needed　in　the　world　is

not　of　a　heroic　kind。　　Courage　may　be　displayed　in　everyday　life

as　well　as　in　historic　fields　of　action。　　There　needs；　for

example；　the　common　courage　to　be　honestthe　courage　to　resist

temptationthe　courage　to　speak　the　truththe　courage　to　be

what　we　really　are；　and　not　to　pretend　to　be　what　we　are　notthe

courage　to　live　honestly　within　our　own　means；　and　not　dishonestly

upon　the　means　of　others。



A　great　deal　of　the　unhappiness；　and　much　of　the　vice；　of　the

world　is　owing　to　weakness　and　indecision　of　purposein　other

words；　to　lack　of　courage。　　Men　may　know　what　is　right；　and　yet

fail　to　exercise　the　courage　to　do　it；　they　may　understand　the

duty　they　have　to　do；　but　will　not　summon　up　the　requisite

resolution　to　perform　it。　　The　weak　and　undisciplined　man　is　at

the　mercy　of　every　temptation；　he　cannot　say　〃No；〃　but　falls

before　it。　　And　if　his　companionship　be　bad；　he　will　be　all　the

easier　led　away　by　bad　example　into　wrongdoing。



Nothing　can　be　more　certain　than　that　the　character　can　only　be

sustained　and　strengthened　by　its　own　energetic　action。　　The　will；

which　is　the　central　force　of　character；　must　be　trained　to　habits

of　decisionotherwise　it　will　neither　be　able　to　resist　evil　nor

to　follow　good。　　Decision　gives　the　power　of　standing　firmly；　when

to　yield；　however　slightly；　might　be　only　the　first　step　in　a

downhill　course　to　ruin。



Calling　upon　others　for　help　in　forming　a　decision　is　worse　than

useless。　　A　man　must　so　train　his　habits　as　to　rely　upon　his　own

powers　and　depend　upon　his　own　courage　in　moments　of　emergency。

Plutarch　tells　of　a　King　of　Macedon　who；　in　the　midst　of　an

action；　withdrew　into　the　adjoining　town　under　pretence　of

sacrificing　to　Hercules；　whilst　his　opponent　Emilius；　at　the　same

time　that　he　implored　the　Divine　aid；　sought　for　victory　sword　in

hand；　and　won　the　battle。　　And　so　it　ever　is　in　the　actions　of

daily　life。



Many　are　the　valiant　purposes　formed；　that　end　merely　in　words；

deeds　intended；　that　are　never　done；　designs　projected；　that　are

never　begun；　and　all　for　want　of　a　little　courageous　decision。

Better　far　the　silent　tongue　but　the　eloquent　deed。　　For　in　life

and　in　business；　despatch　is　better　than　discourse；　and　the

shortest　answer　of　all　is；　DOING。　　〃In　matters　of　great　concern；

and　which　must　be　done；〃　says　Tillotson；　〃there　is　no　surer

argument　of　a　weak　mind　than　irresolutionto　be　undetermined

when　the　case　is　so　plain　and　the　necessity　so　urgent。　　To　be

always　intending　to　live　a　new　life；　but　never　to　find　time

to　set　about　it；this　is　as　if　a　man　should　put　off　eating

and　drinking　and　sleeping　from　one　day　to　another；　until

he　is　starved　and　destroyed。〃



There　needs　also　the　exercise　of　no　small　degree　of　moral　courage

to　resist　the　corrupting　influences　of　what　is　called　〃Society。〃

Although　〃Mrs。　Grundy〃　may　be　a　very　vulgar　and　commonplace

personage；　her　influence　is　nevertheless　prodigious。　　Most　men；

but　especially　women；　are　the　moral　slaves　of　the　class　or　caste

to　which　they　belong。　　There　is　a　sort　of　unconscious　conspiracy

existing　amongst　them　against　each　other's　individuality。　　Each

circle　and　section；　each　rank　and　class；　has　its　respective

customs　and　observances；　to　which　conformity　is　required　at　the

risk　of　being　tabooed。　　Some　are　immured　within　a　bastile　of

fashion；　others　of　custom；　others　of　opinion；　and　few　there　are

who　have　the　courage　to　think　outside　their　sect；　to　act　outside

their　party；　and　to　step　out　into　the　free　air　of　individual

thought　and　action。　　We　dress；　and　eat；　and　follow　fashion；　though

it　may　be　at　the　risk　of　debt；　ruin；　and　misery；　living　not　so

much　according　to　our　means；　as　according　to　the　superstitious

observances　of　our　class。　　Though　we　may　speak　contemptuously

of　the　Indians　who　flatten　their　heads；　and　of　the　Chinese

who　cramp　their　toes；　we　have　only　to　look　at　the　deformities

of　fashion　amongst　ourselves；　to　see　that　the　reign　of

〃Mrs。　Grundy〃　is　universal。



But　moral　cowardice　is　exhibited　quite　as　much　in　public　as　in

private　life。　　Snobbism　is　not　confined　to　the　toadying　of　the

rich；　but　is　quite　as　often　displayed　in　the　toadying　of　the　poor。

Formerly；　sycophancy　showed　itself　in　not　daring　to　speak　the

truth　to　those　in　high　places；　but　in　these　days　it　rather　shows

itself　in　not　daring　to　speak　the　truth　to　those　in　low　places。

Now　that　〃the　masses〃　（6）　exercise　political　power；　there　is　a

growing　tendency　to　fawn　upon　them；　to　flatter　them；　and　to　speak

nothing　but　smooth　words　to　them。　　They　are　credited　with　virtues

which　they　themselves　know　they　do　not　possess。　　The　public

enunciation　of　wholesome　because　disagreeable　truths　is　avoided；

and；　to　win　their　favour；　sympathy　is　often　pretended　for　views；

the　carrying　out　of　which　in　practice　is　known　to　be　hopeless。



It　is　not　the　man　of　the　noblest　characterthe　highest…cultured

and　best…conditioned　manwhose　favour　is　now　sought；　so　much　as

that　of　the　lowest　man；　the　least…cultured　and　worst…conditioned

man；　because　his　vote　is　usually　that　of　the　majority。　　Even　men

of　rank；　wealth；　and　education；　are　seen　prostrating　themselves

before　the　ignorant；　whose　votes　are　thus　to　be　got。　　They　are

ready　to　be　unprincipled　and　unjust　rather　than　unpopular。　　It