the nature of rent-第9章

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expense　of　growing　corn　in　this　country　is　almost　exclusively

owing　to　the　weight　of　taxation。　Of　the　tendency　of　many　of　our

taxes　to　increase　the　expenses　of　cultivation　and　the　price　of

corn；　I　feel　no　doubt；　but　the　reader　will　see　from　the　course　of

argument　pursued　in　this　inquiry；　that　I　think　a　part　of　this

price；　and　perhaps　no　inconsiderable　part；　arises　from　a　cause

which　lies　deeper；　and　is　in　fact　the　necessary　result　of　the

great　superiority　of　our　wealth　and　population；　compared　with　the

quality　of　our　natural　soil　and　the　extent　of　our　territory。

　　　　This　is　a　cause　which　can　only　be　essentially　mitigated　by

the　habitual　importation　of　foreign　corn；　and　a　diminished

cultivation　of　it　at　home。　The　policy　of　such　a　system　has　been

discussed　in　another　place；　but；　of　course；　every　relief　from

taxation　must　tend；　under　any　system；　to　make　the　price　of　corn

less　high；　and　importation　less　necessary。

　　　　In　the　progress　of　a　country　towards　a　high　state　of

improvement；　the　positive　wealth　of　the　landlord　ought；　upon　the

principles　which　have　been　laid　down；　gradually　to　increase；

although　his　relative　condition　and　influence　in　society　will

probably　rather　diminish；　owing　to　the　increasing　number　and

wealth　of　those　who　live　upon　a　still　more　important　surplus（18*）

…　the　profits　of　stock。

　　　　The　progressive　fall；　with　few　exceptions；　in　the　value　of

the　precious　metals　throughout　Europe；　the　still　greater　fall；

which　has　occurred　in　the　richest　countries；　together　with　the

increase　of　produce　which　has　been　obtained　from　the　soil；　must

all　conduce　to　make　the　landlord　expect　an　increase　of　rents　on

the　renewal　of　his　leases。　But；　in　reletting　his　farms；　he　is

liable　to　fall　into　two　errors；　which　are　almost　equally

prejudicial　to　his　own　interests；　and　to　those　of　his　country。

　　　　In　the　first　place；　he　may　be　induced；　by　the　immediate

prospect　of　an　exorbitant　rent；　offered　by　farmers　bidding

against　each　other；　to　let　his　land　to　a　tenant　without

sufficient　capital　to　cultivate　it　in　the　best　way；　and　make　the

necessary　improvements　upon　it。　This　is　undoubtedly　a　most

short…sighted　policy；　the　bad　effects　of　which　have　been　strongly

noticed　by　the　most　intelligent　land　surveyors　in　the　evidence

lately　brought　before　Parliament；　and　have　been　particularly

remarkable　in　Ireland；　where　the　imprudence　of　the　landlords　in

this　respect；　combined；　perhaps；　with　some　real　difficulty　of

finding　substantial　tenants；　has　aggravated　the　discontents　of

the　country；　and　thrown　the　most　serious　obstacles　in　the　way　of

an　improved　system　of　cultivation。　The　consequence　of　this　error

is　the　certain　loss　of　all　that　future　source　of　rent　to　the

landlord；　and　wealth　to　the　country；　which　arises　from　increase

of　produce。

　　　　The　second　error　to　which　the　landlord　is　liable；　is　that　of

mistaking　a　mere　temporary　rise　of　prices；　for　a　rise　of

sufficient　duration　to　warrant　an　increase　of　rents。　It

frequently　happens；　that　a　scarcity　of　one　or　two　years；　or　an

unusual　demand　arising　from　any　other　cause；　may　raise　the　price

of　raw　produce　to　a　height；　at　which　it　cannot　be　maintained。　And

the　farmers；　who　take　land　under　the　influence　of　such　prices；

will；　in　the　return　of　a　more　natural　state　of　things；　probably

break；　and　leave　their　farms　in　a　ruined　and　exhausted　state。

These　short　periods　of　high　price　are　of　great　importance　in

generating　capital　upon　the　land；　if　the　farmers　are　allowed　to

have　the　advantage　of　them；　but；　if　they　are　grasped　at

prematurely　by　the　landlord；　capital　is　destroyed；　instead　of

being　accumulated；　and　both　the　landlord　and　the　country　incur　a

loss；　instead　of　gaining　a　benefit。

　　　　A　similar　caution　is　necessary　in　raising　rents；　even　when

the　rise　of　prices　seems　as　if　it　would　be　permanent。　In　the

progress　of　prices　and　rents；　rent　ought　always　to　be　a　little

behind；　not　only　to　afford　the　means　of　ascertaining　whether　the

rise　be　temporary　or　permanent；　but　even　in　the　latter　case；　to

give　a　little　time　for　the　accumulation　of　capital　on　the　land；

of　which　the　landholder　is　sure　to　feel　the　full　benefit　in　the

end。

　　　　There　is　no　just　reason　to　believe；　that　if　the　lands　were　to

give　the　whole　of　their　rents　to　their　tenants；　corn　would　be

more　plentiful　and　cheaper。　If　the　view　of　the　subject；　taken　in

the　preceding　inquiry；　be　correct；　the　last　additions　made　to　our

home　produce　are　sold　at　the　cost　of　production；　and　the　same

quantity　could　not　be　produced　from　our　own　soil　at　a　less　price；

even　without　rent。　The　effect　of　transferring　all　rents　to

tenants；　would　be　merely　the　turning　them　into　gentlemen；　and

tempting　them　to　cultivate　their　farms　under　the　superintendence

of　careless　and　uninterested　bailiffs；　instead　of　the　vigilant

eye　of　a　master；　who　is　deterred　from　carelessness　by　the　fear　of

ruin；　and　stimulated　to　exertion　by　the　hope　of　a　competence。　The

most　numerous　instances　of　successful　industry；　and　well…directed

knowledge；　have　been　found　among　those　who　have　paid　a　fair　rent

for　their　lands；　who　have　embarked　the　whole　of　their　capital　in

their　undertaking；　and　who　feel　it　their　duty　to　watch　over　it

with　unceasing　care；　and　add　to　it　whenever　it　is　possible。　But

when　this　laudable　spirit　prevails　among　a　tenantry；　it　is　of　the

very　utmost　importance　to　the　progress　of　riches；　and　the

permanent　increase　of　rents；　that　it　should　have　the　power　as

well　as　the　will　to　accumulate；　and　an　interval　of　advancing

prices；　not　immediately　followed　by　a　proportionate　rise　of

rents；　furnishes　the　most　effective　powers　of　this　kind。　These

intervals　of　advancing　prices；　when　not　succeeded　by　retrograde

movements；　most　powerfully　contribute　to　the　progress　of　national

wealth。　And　practically　I　should　say；　that　when　once　a　character

of　industry　and　economy　has　been　established；　temporary　high

profits　are　a　more　frequent　and　powerful　source　of　accumulation；

than　either　an　increased　spirit　of　saving；　or　any　other　cause

that　can　be　named。（19*）　It　is　the　only　cause　which　seems　capable

of　accounting　for　the　prodigious　accumulation　among　individuals；

which　must　have　taken　place　in　this　country　during　the　last

twenty　years；　and　which　has　left　us　with　a　greatly　increased

capital；　notwithstanding　our　vast　annual　destruction　of　stock；

for　so　long　a　period。

　　　　Among　the　temporary　causes　of　high　price；　which　may　sometimes

mislead　the　landlord；　it　is　necessary　to　notice　irregularities　in

the　currency。　When　they　are　likely　to　be　of　short　duration；　they

must　be　treated　by　the　landlord　in　the　same　manner　as　years　of

unusual　demand。　But　when　they　continue　so　long　as　they　have　done

in　this　country；　it　is　impossible　for　the　landlord　to　do

otherwise　than　proportion　his　rent　accordingly；　and　take　the

chance　of　being　obliged　to　lessen　it　again；　on　the　return　of　the

currency　to　its　natural　state。

　　　　The　present　fall　in　the　price　of　bullion；　and　the　improved

state　of　our　exchanges；　proves；　in　my　opinion；　that　a　much

greater　part　of　the　difference　between　gold　and　paper　was　owing

to　commercial　causes；　and　a　peculiar　demand　for　bullion　than　was

supposed　by　many　persons；　but　they　by　no　means　prove　that　the

issue　of　paper　did　not　allow　of　a　higher　rise　of　prices　than

could　be　permanently　maintained。　Already　a　retrograde　movement；

not　exclusively　occasioned　by　the　importations　of　corn；　has　been

sensibly　felt；　and　it　must　go　somewhat　further　before　we　can

return　to　payments　in　specie。　Those　who　let　their　lands　during

the　period　of　the　greatest　difference　between　notes　and　bullion；

must　probably　lower　them；　whichever　system　may　be　adopted　with

regard　to　the　trade　in　corn。　These　retrograde　movements　are

always　unfortunate；　and　high　rents；　partly　occasioned　by　causes

of　this　kind；　greatly　embarrass　the　regular　march　of　prices；　and

confound　the　calculations　both　of　the　farmer　and　landlord。

　　　　With　the　cautions　here　noticed　in　letting　farms；　the　landlo