the expression of emotion in man and animals-第6章

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el　Wilson；　a　landowner；　residing　at　Langerenong；　Wimmera；　Victoria。　　From　the　Rev。　George　Taplin；　superintendent　of　the　native　Industrial　Settlement　at　Port　Macleay。　　From　Mr。　Archibald　G。　Lang；　of　Coranderik；　Victoria；　a　teacher　at　a　school　where　aborigines；　old　and　young；　are　collected　from　all　parts　of　the　colony。　From　Mr。　H。　B。　Lane；　of　Belfast；　Victoria；　a　police　magistrate　and　warden；　whose　observations；　as　I　am　assured；　are　highly　trustworthy。　From　Mr。　Templeton　Bunnett；　of　Echuca；　whose　station　is　on　the　borders　of　the　colony　of　Victoria；　and　who　has　thus　been　able　to　observe　many　aborigines　who　have　had　little　intercourse　with　white　men。　He　compared　his　observations　with　those　made　by　two　other　gentlemen　long　resident　in　the　neighbourhood。　　Also　from　Mr。　J。　Bulmer；　a　missionary　in　a　remote　part　of　Gippsland；　Victoria。

I　am　also　indebted　to　the　distinguished　botanist；　Dr。　Ferdinand　Muller；　of　Victoria；　for　some　observations　made　by　himself；　and　for　sending　me　others　made　by　Mrs。　Green；　as　well　as　for　some　of　the　foregoing　letters。

In　regard　to　the　Maoris　of　New　Zealand；　the　Rev。　J。　W。　Stack　has　answered　only　a　few　of　my　queries；　but　the　answers　have　been　remarkably　full；　clear；　and　distinct；　with　the　circumstances　recorded　under　which　the　observations　were　made。

The　Rajah　Brooke　has　given　me　some　information　with　respect　to　the　Dyaks　of　Borneo。

Respecting　the　Malays；　I　have　been　highly　successful；　for　Mr。　F。　Geach　（to　whom　I　was　introduced　by　Mr。　Wallace）；　during　his　residence　as　a　mining　engineer　in　the　interior　of　Malacca；　observed　many　natives；　who　had　never　before　associated　with　white　men。　　He　wrote　me　two　long　letters　with　admirable　and　detailed　observations　on　their　expression。　He　likewise　observed　the　Chinese　immigrants　in　the　Malay　archipelago。

The　well…known　naturalist；　H。　M。　Consul；　Mr。　Swinhoe；　also　observed　for　me　the　Chinese　in　their　native　country；　and　he　made　inquiries　from　others　whom　he　could　trust。

In　India　Mr。　H。　Erskine；　whilst　residing　in　his　official　capacity　in　the　Admednugur　District　in　the　Bombay　Presidency；　attended　to　the　expression　of　the　inhabitants；　but　found　much　difficulty　in　arriving　at　any　safe　conclusions；　owing　to　their　habitual　concealment　of　all　emotions　in　the　presence　of　Europeans。　　He　also　obtained　information　for　me　from　Mr。　West；　the　Judge　in　Canara；　and　he　consulted　some　intelligent　native　gentlemen　on　certain　points。　　In　Calcutta　Mr。　J。　Scott；　curator　of　the　Botanic　Gardens；　carefully　observed　the　various　tribes　of　men　therein　employed　during　a　considerable　period；　and　no　one　has　sent　me　such　full　and　valuable　details。　The　habit　of　accurate　observation；　gained　by　his　botanical　studies；　has　been　brought　to　bear　on　our　present　subject。　For　Ceylon　I　am　much　indebted　to　the　Rev。　S。　O。　Glenie　for　answers　to　some　of　my　queries。

Turning　to　Africa；　I　have　been　unfortunate　with　respect　to　the　negroes；　though　Mr。　Winwood　Reade　aided　me　as　far　as　lay　in　his　power。　It　would　have　been　comparatively　easy　to　have　obtained　information　in　regard　to　the　negro　slaves　in　America；　but　as　they　have　long　associated　with　white　men；　such　observations　would　have　possessed　little　value。　　In　the　southern　parts　of　the　continent　Mrs。　Barber　observed　the　Kafirs　and　Fingoes；　and　sent　me　many　distinct　answers。　Mr。　J。　P。　Mansel　Weale　also　made　some　observations　on　the　natives；　and　procured　for　me　a　curious　document；　namely；　the　opinion；　written　in　English；　of　Christian　Gaika；　brother　of　the　Chief　Sandilli；　on　the　expressions　of　his　fellow…countrymen。　In　the　northern　regions　of　Africa　Captain　Speedy；　who　long　resided　with　the　Abyssinians；　answered　my　queries　partly　from　memory　and　partly　from　observations　made　on　the　son　of　King　Theodore；　who　was　then　under　his　charge。　Professor　and　Mrs。　Asa　Gray　attended　to　some　points　in　the　expressions　of　the　natives；　as　observed　by　them　whilst　ascending　the　Nile。

On　the　great　American　continent　Mr。　Bridges；　a　catechist　residing　with　the　Fuegians；　answered　some　few　questions　about　their　expression；　addressed　to　him　many　years　ago。　In　the　northern　half　of　the　continent　Dr。　Rothrock　attended　to　the　expressions　of　the　wild　Atnah　and　Espyox　tribes　on　the　Nasse　River；　in　North…Western　America。　　Mr。　Washington　Matthews　Assistant…Surgeon　in　the　United　States　Army；　also　observed　with　special　care　（after　having　seen　my　queries；　as　printed　in　the　‘Smithsonian　Report'）　some　of　the　wildest　tribes　in　the　Western　parts　of　the　United　States；　namely；　the　Tetons；　Grosventres；　Mandans；　and　Assinaboines；　and　his　answers　have　proved　of　the　highest　value。

Lastly；　besides　these　special　sources　of　information；　I　have　collected　some　few　facts　incidentally　given　in　books　of　travels。


As　I　shall　often　have　to　refer；　more　especially　in　the　latter　part　of　this　volume；　to　the　muscles　of　the　human　face；　I　have　had　a　diagram　（fig。　1）　copied　and　reduced　from　Sir　C。　Bell's　work；　and　two　others；　with　more　accurate　details　（figs。　2　and　3）；　from　Herde's　well…known　‘Handbuch　der　Systematischen　Anatomie　des　Menschen。'　　The　same　letters　refer　to　the　same　muscles　in　all　three　figures；　but　the　names　are　given　of　only　the　more　important　ones　to　which　I　shall　have　to　allude。　The　facial　muscles　blend　much　together；　and；　as　I　am　informed；　hardly　appear　on　a　dissected　face　so　distinct　as　they　are　here　represented。　Some　writers　consider　that　these　muscles　consist　of　nineteen　pairs；　with　one　unpaired；＇20＇　but　others　make　the　number　much　larger；　amounting　even　to　fifty…five；　according　to　Moreau。　　They　are；　as　is　admitted　by　everyone　who　has　written　on　the　subject；　very　variable　in　structure；　and　Moreau　remarks　that　they　are　hardly　alike　in　half…a…dozen　subjects。＇21＇　They　are　also　variable　in　function。　Thus　the　power　of　uncovering　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side　differs　much　in　different　persons。　　The　power　of　raising　the　wings　of　the　nostrils　is　also；　according　to　Dr。　Piderit；＇22＇　variable　in　a　remarkable　degree；　and　other　such　cases　could　be　given。

＇20＇　Mr。　Partridge　in　Todd's　‘Cyclopaedia　of　Anatomy　and　Physiology；'　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　227。

＇21＇　‘La　Physionomie；'　par　G。　Lavater；　tom。　　iv。　　1820；　p。　　274。　　On　the　number　of　the　facial　muscles；　see　vol。　　iv。　　pp。　　209…211。

＇22＇　〃　‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　1867；　s。　　91。

Finally；　I　must　have　the　pleasure　of　expressing　my　obligations　to　Mr。　Rejlander　for　the　trouble　which　he　has　taken　in　photographing　for　me　various　expressions　and　gestures。　　I　am　also　indebted　to　Herr　Kindermann；　of　Hamburg；　for　the　loan　of　some　excellent　negatives　of　crying　infants；　and　to　Dr。　Wallich　for　a　charming　one　of　a　smiling　girl。　I　have　already　expressed　my　obligations　to　Dr。　Duchenne　for　generously　permitting　me　to　have　some　of　his　large　photographs　copied　and　reduced。　All　these　photographs　have　been　printed　by　the　Heliotype　process；　and　the　accuracy　of　the　copy　is　thus　guaranteed。　　These　plates　are　referred　to　by　Roman　numerals。

I　am　also　greatly　indebted　to　Mr。　T。　W。　Wood　for　the　extreme　pains　which　he　has　taken　in　drawing　from　life　the　expressions　of　various　animals。　　A　distinguished　artist；　Mr。　Riviere；　has　had　the　kindness　to　give　me　two　drawings　of　dogsone　in　a　hostile　and　the　other　in　a　humble　and　caressing　frame　of　mind。　Mr。　A。　May　has　also　given　me　two　similar　sketches　of　dogs。　Mr。　Cooper　has　taken　much　care　in　cutting　the　blocks。　Some　of　the　photographs　and　drawings；　namely；　those　by　Mr。　May；　and　those　by　Mr。　Wolf　of　the　Cynopithecus；　were　first　reproduced　by　Mr。　Cooper　on　wood　by　means　of　photography；　and　then　engraved：　by　this　means　almost　complete　fidelity　is　ensured。



CHAPTER　I。

GENERAL　PRINCIPLES　OF　EXPRESSION。

The　three　chief　principles　statedThe　first　principleServiceable　actions　become　habitual　in　association　with　certain　states　of　the　mind；　and　are　performed　whether　or　not　of　service　in　each　particular　case　The　force　of　habitInheritanceAssociated　habitual　movements　in　man　Reflex　actionsPassage　of　habits　into　reflex　actionsAssociated　habitual　movements　in　the　lower　animalsConcluding　remarks。


I　WILL　begin　by　giving　the　three　Principles；　which　appear　to　me　to　account　for　most　of　the　expressions　and　gestures　involuntarily　used　by　man　and　the　lower　animals；　under　the　influence　of　various　emotions　and　sensations。＇1＇　I　arrived；　however；