the expression of emotion in man and animals-第57章

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dy　erect。　　He　is　haughty　（_haut_）；　or　high；　and　makes　himself　appear　as　large　as　possible；　so　that　metaphorically　he　is　said　to　be　swollen　or　puffed　up　with　pride。　A　peacock　or　a　turkey…cock　strutting　about　with　puffed…up　feathers；　is　sometimes　said　to　be　an　emblem　of　pride。＇13＇　The　arrogant　man　looks　down　on　others；　and　with　lowered　eyelids　hardly　condescends　to　see　them；　or　he　may　show　his　contempt　by　slight　movements；　such　as　those　before　described；　about　the　nostrils　or　lips。　Hence　the　muscle　which　everts　the　lower　lip　has　been　called　the　_musculus　superbus_。　　In　some　photographs　of　patients　affected　by　a　monomania　of　pride；　sent　me　by　Dr。　Crichton　Browne；　the　head　and　body　were　held　erect；　and　the　mouth　firmly　closed。　This　latter　action；　expressive　of　decision；　follows；　I　presume；　from　the　proud　man　feeling　perfect　self…confidence　in　himself。　The　whole　expression　of　pride　stands　in　direct　antithesis　to　that　of　humility；　so　that　nothing　need　here　be　said　of　the　latter　state　of　mind。


_Helplessness；　Impotence：　　Shrugging　the　shoulders_。When　a　man　wishes　to　show　that　he　cannot　do　something；　or　prevent　something　being　done；　he　often　raises　with　a　quick　movement　both　shoulders。　　At　the　same　time；　if　the　whole　gesture　is　completed；　he　bends　his　elbows　closely　inwards；　raises　his　open　hands；　turning　them　outwards；　with　the　fingers　separated。　The　head　is　often　thrown　a　little　on　one　side；　the　eyebrows　are　elevated；　and　this　causes　wrinkles　across　the　forehead。　　The　mouth　is　generally　opened。　I　may　mention；　in　order　to　show　how　unconsciously　the　features　are　thus　acted　on；　that　though　I　had　often　intentionally　shrugged　my　shoulders　to　observe　how　my　arms　were　placed；　I　was　not　at　all　aware　that　my　eyebrows　were　raised　and　mouth　opened；　until　I　looked　at　myself　in　a　glass；　and　since　then　I　have　noticed　the　same　movements　in　the　faces　of　others。　In　the　accompanying　Plate　VI。；　figs。　　3　and　4；　Mr。　Rejlander　has　successfully　acted　the　gesture　of　shrugging　the　shoulders。


＇12＇　Gratiolet　（De　la　Phys。　　p。　　351）　makes　this　remark；　and　has　some　good　observations　on　the　expression　of　pride。　See　Sir　C。　Bell　（‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　111）　on　the　action　of　the　_musculus　superbus_。

Englishmen　are　much　less　demonstrative　than　the　men　of　most　other　European　nations；　and　they　shrug　their　shoulders　far　less　frequently　and　energetically　than　Frenchmen　or　Italians　do。　　The　gesture　varies　in　all　degrees　from　the　complex　movement；　just　described；　to　only　a　momentary　and　scarcely　perceptible　raising　of　both　shoulders；　or；　as　I　have　noticed　in　a　lady　sitting　in　an　arm…chair；　to　the　mere　turning　slightly　outwards　of　the　open　hands　with　separated　fingers。　I　have　never　seen　very　young　English　children　shrug　their　shoulders；　but　the　following　case　was　observed　with　care　by　a　medical　professor　and　excellent　observer；　and　has　been　communicated　to　me　by　him。　The　father　of　this　gentleman　was　a　Parisian；　and　his　mother　a　Scotch　lady。　His　wife　is　of　British　extraction　on　both　sides；　and　my　informant　does　not　believe　that　she　ever　shrugged　her　shoulders　in　her　life。　His　children　have　been　reared　in　England；　and　the　nursemaid　is　a　thorough　Englishwoman；　who　has　never　been　seen　to　shrug　her　shoulders。　Now；　his　eldest　daughter　was　observed　to　shrug　her　shoulders　at　the　age　of　between　sixteen　and　eighteen　months；　her　mother　exclaiming　at　the　time；　〃Look　at　the　little　French　girl　shrugging　her　shoulders！〃　At　first　she　often　acted　thus；　sometimes　throwing　her　head　a　little　backwards　and　on　one　side；　but　she　did　not；　as　far　as　was　observed；　move　her　elbows　and　hands　in　the　usual　manner。　　The　habit　gradually　wore　away；　and　now；　when　she　is　a　little　over　four　years　old；　she　is　never　seen　to　act　thus。　　The　father　is　told　that　he　sometimes　shrugs　his　shoulders；　especially　when　arguing　with　any　one；　but　it　is　extremely　improbable　that　his　daughter　should　have　imitated　him　at　so　early　an　age；　for；　as　he　remarks；　she　could　not　possibly　have　often　seen　this　gesture　in　him。　　Moreover；　if　the　habit　had　been　acquired　through　imitation；　it　is　not　probable　that　it　would　so　soon　have　been　spontaneously　discontinued　by　this　child；　and；　as　we　shall　immediately　see；　by　a　second　child；　though　the　father　still　lived　with　his　family。　This　little　girl；　it　may　be　added；　resembles　her　Parisian　grandfather　in　countenance　to　an　almost　absurd　degree。　　She　also　presents　another　and　very　curious　resemblance　to　him；　namely；　by　practising　a　singular　trick。　When　she　impatiently　wants　something；　she　holds　out　her　little　hand；　and　rapidly　rubs　the　thumb　against　the　index　and　middle　finger：　now　this　same　trick　was　frequently　performed　under　the　same　circumstances　by　her　grandfather。

This　gentleman's　second　daughter　also　shrugged　her　shoulders　before　the　age　of　eighteen　months；　and　afterwards　discontinued　the　habit。　It　is　of　course　possible　that　she　may　have　imitated　her　elder　sister；　but　she　continued　it　after　her　sister　had　lost　the　habit。　She　at　first　resembled　her　Parisian　grandfather　in　a　less　degree　than　did　her　sister　at　the　same　age；　but　now　in　a　greater　degree。　She　likewise　practises　to　the　present　time　the　peculiar　habit　of　rubbing　together；　when　impatient；　her　thumb　and　two　of　her　fore…fingers。

In　this　latter　case　we　have　a　good　instance；　like　those　given　in　a　former　chapter；　of　the　inheritance　of　a　trick　or　gesture；　for　no　one；　I　presume；　will　attribute　to　mere　coincidence　so　peculiar　a　habit　as　this；　which　was　common　to　the　grandfather　and　his　two　grandchildren　who　had　never　seen　him。

Considering　all　the　circumstances　with　reference　to　these　children　shrugging　their　shoulders；　it　can　hardly　be　doubted　that　they　have　inherited　the　habit　from　their　French　progenitors；　although　they　have　only　one　quarter　French　blood　in　their　veins；　and　although　their　grandfather　did　not　often　shrug　his　shoulders。　There　is　nothing　very　unusual；　though　the　fact　is　interesting；　in　these　children　having　gained　by　inheritance　a　habit　during　early　youth；　and　then　discontinuing　it；　for　it　is　of　frequent　occurrence　with　many　kinds　of　animals　that　certain　characters　are　retained　for　a　period　by　the　young；　and　are　then　lost。

As　it　appeared　to　me　at　one　time　improbable　in　a　high　degree　that　so　complex　a　gesture　as　shrugging　the　shoulders；　together　with　the　accompanying　movements；　should　be　innate；　I　was　anxious　to　ascertain　whether　the　blind　and　deaf　Laura　Bridgman；　who　could　not　have　learnt　the　habit　by　imitation；　practised　it。　And　I　have　heard；　through　Dr。　Innes；　from　a　lady　who　has　lately　had　charge　of　her；　that　she　does　shrug　her　shoulders；　turn　in　her　elbows；　and　raise　her　eyebrows　in　the　same　manner　as　other　people；　and　under　the　same　circumstances。　I　was　also　anxious　to　learn　whether　this　gesture　was　practised　by　the　various　races　of　man；　especially　by　those　who　never　have　had　much　intercourse　with　Europeans。　　We　shall　see　that　they　act　in　this　manner；　but　it　appears　that　the　gesture　is　sometimes　confined　to　merely　raising　or　shrugging　the　shoulders；　without　the　other　movements。

Mr。　Scott　has　frequently　seen　this　gesture　in　the　Bengalees　and　Dhangars　（the　latter　constituting　a　distinct　race）　who　are　employed　in　the　Botanic　Garden　at　Calcutta；　when；　for　instance；　they　have　declared　that　they　could　not　do　some　work；　such　as　lifting　a　heavy　weight。　He　ordered　a　Bengalee　to　climb　a　lofty　tree；　but　the　man；　with　a　shrug　of　his　shoulders　and　a　lateral　shake　of　his　head；　said　he　could　not。　Mr。　Scott　knowing　that　the　man　was　lazy；　thought　he　could；　and　insisted　on　his　trying。　　His　face　now　became　pale；　his　arms　dropped　to　his　sides；　his　mouth　and　eyes　were　widely　opened；　and　again　surveying　the　tree；　he　looked　askant　at　Mr。　Scott；　shrugged　his　shoulders；　inverted　his　elbows；　extended　his　open　hands；　and　with　a　few　quick　lateral　shakes　of　the　head　declared　his　inability。　Mr。　H。　Erskine　has　likewise　seen　the　natives　of　India　shrugging　their　shoulders；　but　he　has　never　seen　the　elbows　turned　so　much　inwards　as　with　us；　and　whilst　shrugging　their　shoulders　they　sometimes　lay　their　uncrossed　hands　on　their　breasts。

With　the　wild　Malays　of　the　interior　of　Malacca；　and　with　the　Bugis　（true　Malays；　though　speaking　a　different；　language）；　Mr。　Geach　has　often　seen　this　gesture。　　I　presume　that　it　is　complete；