the expression of emotion in man and animals-第51章

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　to　make　a　deep　inspiration；　and　then　to　cease　breathing；　but　he　thinks　that　Sir　C。　Bell's　explanation　is　erroneous。　He　maintains　that　arrested　respiration　retards　the　circulation　of　the　blood；　of　which　I　believe　there　is　no　doubt；　and　he　adduces　some　curious　evidence　from　the　structure　of　the　lower　animals；　showing；　on　the　one　hand；　that　a　retarded　circulation　is　necessary　for　prolonged　muscular　exertion；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　that　a　rapid　circulation　is　necessary　for　rapid　movements。　According　to　this　view；　when　we　commence　any　great　exertion；　we　close　our　mouths　and　stop　breathing；　in　order　to　retard　the　circulation　of　the　blood。　　Gratiolet　sums　up　the　subject　by　saying；　〃C'est　la　la　vraie　theorie　de　l'effort　continu；〃　but　how　far　this　theory　is　admitted　by　other　physiologists　I　do　not　know。


＇13＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression。'　　p。　　190。

＇14＇　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　pp。　　118…121。

Dr。　Piderit　accounts＇15＇　for　the　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　during　strong　muscular　exertion；　on　the　principle　that　the　influence　of　the　will　spreads　to　other　muscles　besides　those　necessarily　brought　into　action　in　making　any　particular　exertion；　and　it　is　natural　that　the　muscles　of　respiration　and　of　the　mouth；　from　being　so　habitually　used；　should　be　especially　liable　to　be　thus　acted　on。　It　appears　to　me　that　there　probably　is　some　truth　in　this　view；　for　we　are　apt　to　press　the　teeth　hard　together　during　violent　exertion；　and　this　is　not　requisite　to　prevent　expiration；　whilst　the　muscles　of　the　chest　are　strongly　contracted。

Lastly；　when　a　man　has　to　perform　some　delicate　and　difficult　operation；　not　requiring　the　exertion　of　any　strength；　he　nevertheless　generally　closes　his　mouth　and　ceases　for　a　time　to　breathe；　but　he　acts　thus　in　order　that　the　movements　of　his　chest　may　not　disturb；　those　of　his　arms。　A　person；　for　instance；　whilst　threading　a　needle；　may　be　seen　to　compress　his　lips　and　either　to　stop　breathing；　or　to　breathe　as　quietly　as　possible。　So　it　was；　as　formerly　stated；　with　a　young　and　sick　chimpanzee；　whilst　it　amused　itself　by　killing　flies　with　its　knuckles；　as　they　buzzed　about　on　the　window…panes。　To　perform　an　action；　however　trifling；　if　difficult；　implies　some　amount　of　previous　determination。


＇15＇　‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　s。　　79。

There　appears　nothing　improbable　in　all　the　above　assigned　causes　having　come　into　play　in　different　degrees；　either　conjointly　or　separately；　on　various　occasions。　The　result　would　be　a　well…established　habit；　now　perhaps　inherited；　of　firmly　closing　the　mouth　at　the　commencement　of　and　during　any　violent　and　prolonged　exertion；　or　any　delicate　operation。　Through　the　principle　of　association　there　would　also　be　a　strong　tendency　towards　this　same　habit；　as　soon　as　the　mind　had　resolved　on　any　particular　action　or　line　of　conduct；　even　before　there　was　any　bodily　exertion；　or　if　none　were　requisite。　The　habitual　and　firm　closure　of　the　mouth　would　thus　come　to　show　decision　of　character；　and　decision　readily　passes　into　obstinacy。　　CHAPTER　X。

HATRED　AND　ANGER。

HatredRage；　effects　of　on　the　systemUncovering　of　the　teeth　Rage　in　the　insaneAnger　and　indignationAs　expressed　by　the　various　races　of　manSneering　and　defianceThe　uncovering　of　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side　of　the　face。


IF　we　have　suffered　or　expect　to　suffer　some　wilful　injury　from　a　man；　or　if　he　is　in　any　way　offensive　to　us；　we　dislike　him；　and　dislike　easily　rises　into　hatred。　　Such　feelings；　if　experienced　in　a　moderate　degree；　are　not　clearly　expressed　by　any　movement　of　the　body　or　features；　excepting　perhaps　by　a　certain　gravity　of　behaviour；　or　by　some　ill…temper。　Few　individuals；　however；　can　long　reflect　about　a　hated　person；　without　feeling　and　exhibiting　signs　of　indignation　or　rage。　But　if　the　offending　person　be　quite　insignificant；　we　experience　merely　disdain　or　contempt。　　If；　on　the　other　hand；　he　is　all…powerful；　then　hatred　passes　into　terror；　as　when　a　slave　thinks　about　a　cruel　master；　or　a　savage　about　a　bloodthirsty　malignant　deity。＇1＇　Most　of　our　emotions　are　so　closely　connected　with　their　expression；　that　they　hardly　exist　if　the　body　remains　passivethe　nature　of　the　expression　depending　in　chief　part　on　the　nature　of　the　actions　which　have　been　habitually　performed　under　this　particular　state　of　the　mind。　A　man；　for　instance；　may　know　that　his　life　is　in　the　extremest　peril；　and　may　strongly　desire　to　save　if；　yet；　as　Louis　XVI。　said；　when　surrounded　by　a　fierce　mob；　〃Am　I　afraid？　feel　my　pulse。〃　So　a　man　may　intensely　hate　another；　but　until　his　bodily　frame　is　affected；　he　cannot　be　said　to　be　enraged。


＇1＇　See　some　remarks　to　this　effect　by　Mr。　Bain；　‘The　Emotions　and　the　Will；'　2nd　edit。　　1865；　p。　　127。

_Rage_。I　have　already　had　occasion　to　treat　of　this　emotion　in　the　third　chapter；　when　discussing　the　direct　influence　of　the　excited　sensorium　on　the　body；　in　combination　with　the　effects　of　habitually　associated　actions。　　Rage　exhibits　itself　in　the　most　diversified　manner。　The　heart　and　circulation　are　always　affected；　the　face　reddens　or　becomes　purple；　with　the　veins　on　the　forehead　and　neck　distended。　The　reddening　of　the　skin　has　been　observed　with　the　copper…coloured　Indians　of　South　America；＇2＇　and　even；　as　it　is　said；　on　the　white　cicatrices　left　by　old　wounds　on　negroes。＇3＇　Monkeys　also　redden　from　passion。　　With　one　of　my　own　infants；　under　four　months　old；　I　repeatedly　observed　that　the　first　symptom　of　an　approaching　passion　was　the　rushing　of　the　blood　into　his　bare　scalp。　　On　the　other　hand；　the　action　of　the　heart　is　sometimes　so　much　impeded　by　great　rage；　that　the　countenance　becomes　pallid　or　livid；＇4＇　and　not　a　few　men　with　heart…disease　have　dropped　down　dead　under　this　powerful　emotion。


＇2＇　Rengger；　Naturgesch。　　der　Saugethiere　von　Paraguay；　1830；　s。　　3。

＇3＇　Sir　C。　Bell；　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　96。　　On　the　other　hand；　Dr。　Burgess　（‘Physiology　of　Blushing；'　1839；　p。　　31）　speaks　of　the　reddening　of　a　cicatrix　in　a　negress　as　of　the　nature　of　a　blush。

＇4＇　Moreau　and　Gratiolet　have　discussed　the　colour　of　the　face　under　the　influence　of　intense　passion：　　see　the　edit。　of　1820　of　Lavater；　vol。　　iv。　　pp。　　282　and　300；　and　Gratiolet；　‘De　la　Physionomie；'　p。　　345。

The　respiration　is　likewise　affected；　the　chest　heaves；　and　the　dilated　nostrils　quiver。＇5＇　As　Tennyson　writes；　〃sharp　breaths　of　anger　puffed　her　fairy　nostrils　out。〃　Hence　we　have　such　expressions　as　breathing　out　vengeance；〃　and　〃fuming　with　anger。〃＇6＇

The　excited　brain　gives　strength　to　the　muscles；　and　at　the　same　time　energy　to　the　will。　　The　body　is　commonly　held　erect　ready　for　instant　action；　but　sometimes　it　is　bent　forward　towards　the　offending　person；　with　the　limbs　more　or　less　rigid。　The　mouth　is　generally　closed　with　firmness；　showing　fixed　determination；　and　the　teeth　are　clenched　or　ground　together。　Such　gestures　as　the　raising　of　the　arms；　with　the　fists　clenched；　as　if　to　strike　the　offender；　are　common。　　Few　men　in　a　great　passion；　and　telling　some　one　to　begone；　can　resist　acting　as　if　they　intended　to　strike　or　push　the　man　violently　away。　The　desire；　indeed；　to　strike　often　becomes　so　intolerably　strong；　that　inanimate　objects　are　struck　or　dashed　to　the　ground；　but　the　gestures　frequently　become　altogether　purposeless　or　frantic。　Young　children；　when　in　a　violent　rage　roll　on　the　ground　on　their　backs　or　bellies；　screaming；　kicking；　scratching；　or　biting　everything　within　reach。　　So　it　is；　as　I　hear　from　Mr。　Scott；　with　Hindoo　children；　and；　as　we　have　seen；　with　the　young　of　the　anthropomorphous　apes。


＇6＇　Sir　C。　Bell　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　pp。　　91；　107）　has　fully　discussed　this　subject。　　Moreau　remarks　（in　the　edit。　　of　1820　of　‘La　Physionomie；　par　G。　Lavater；'　vol。　　iv。　　p。　　237）；　and　quotes　Portal　in　confirmation；　that　asthmatic　patients　acquire　permanently　expanded　nostrils；　owing　to　the　habitual　contraction　of　the　elevatory　muscles　of　the　wings　of　the　nose。　The　explanation　by　Dr。　Piderit　（‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　s。　　82）　of　the　distension　of　the　nostrils；　namely；　to　allow　free　breathing　whilst　the　mouth　is　closed　and　the　teeth　clenched；　does　not　appear　to　be　nearly　so　correct　as　that　by　Sir　C。　Bell；　who　attributes　it　to　the　sympathy　（_i。　e_。　habit