the expression of emotion in man and animals-第5章

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（4）　When　considering　deeply　on　any　subject；　or　trying　to　understand　any　puzzle；　does　he　frown；　or　wrinkle　the　skin　beneath　the　lower　eyelids？

（5。）　When　in　low　spirits；　are　the　corners　of　the　mouth　depressed；　and　the　inner　corner　of　the　eyebrows　raised　by　that　muscle　which　the　French　call　the　〃Grief　muscle〃？　The　eyebrow　in　this　state　becomes　slightly　oblique；　with　a　little　swelling　at　the　Inner　end；　and　the　forehead　is　transversely　wrinkled　in　the　middle　part；　but　not　across　the　whole　breadth；　as　when　the　eyebrows　are　raised　in　surprise。　（6。）　When　in　good　spirits　do　the　eyes　sparkle；　with　the　skin　a　little　wrinkled　round　and　under　them；　and　with　the　mouth　a　little　drawn　back　at　the　corners？

（7。）　When　a　man　sneers　or　snarls　at　another；　is　the　corner　of　the　upper　lip　over　the　canine　or　eye　tooth　raised　on　the　side　facing　the　man　whom　he　addresses？

（8）　Can　a　dogged　or　obstinate　expression　be　recognized；　which　is　chiefly　shown　by　the　mouth　being　firmly　closed；　a　lowering　brow　and　a　slight　frown？

（9。）　Is　contempt　expressed　by　a　slight　protrusion　of　the　lips　and　by　turning　up　the　nose；　and　with　a　slight　expiration？

（10）　Is　disgust　shown　by　the　lower　lip　being　turned　down；　the　upper　lip　slightly　raised；　with　a　sudden　expiration；　something　like　incipient　vomiting；　or　like　something　spit　out　of　the　mouth？

（11。）　Is　extreme　fear　expressed　in　the　same　general　manner　as　with　Europeans？


（12。）　Is　laughter　ever　carried　to　such　an　extreme　as　to　bring　tears　into　the　eyes？

（13。）　When　a　man　wishes　to　show　that　he　cannot　prevent　something　being　done；　or　cannot　himself　do　something；　does　he　shrug　his　shoulders；　turn　inwards　his　elbows；　extend　outwards　his　hands　and　open　the　palms；　with　the　eyebrows　raised？

（14）　Do　the　children　when　sulky；　pout　or　greatly　protrude　the　lips？

（15。）　Can　guilty；　or　sly；　or　jealous　expressions　be　recognized？　though　I　know　not　how　these　can　be　defined。

（16。）　Is　the　head　nodded　vertically　in　affirmation；　and　shaken　laterally　in　negation？


Observations　on　natives　who　have　had　little　communication　with　Europeans　would　be　of　course　the　most　valuable；　though　those　made　on　any　natives　would　be　of　much　interest　to　me。　General　remarks　on　expression　are　of　comparatively　little　value；　and　memory　is　so　deceptive　that　I　earnestly　beg　it　may　not　be　trusted。　A　definite　description　of　the　countenance　under　any　emotion　or　frame　of　mind；　with　a　statement　of　the　circumstances　under　which　it　occurred；　would　possess　much　value。


To　these　queries　I　have　received　thirty…six　answers　from　different　observers；　several　of　them　missionaries　or　protectors　of　the　aborigines；　to　all　of　whom　I　am　deeply　indebted　for　the　great　trouble　which　they　have　taken；　and　for　the　valuable　aid　thus　received。　　I　will　specify　their　names；　&c。；　towards　the　close　of　this　chapter；　so　as　not　to　interrupt　my　present　remarks。　The　answers　relate　to　several　of　the　most　distinct　and　savage　races　of　man。　In　many　instances；　the　circumstances　have　been　recorded　under　which　each　expression　was　observed；　and　the　expression　itself　described。　In　such　cases；　much　confidence　may　be　placed　in　the　answers。　　When　the　answers　have　been　simply　yes　or　no；　I　have　always　received　them　with　caution。　It　follows；　from　the　information　thus　acquired；　that　the　same　state　of　mind　is　expressed　throughout　the　world　with　remarkable　uniformity；　and　this　fact　is　in　itself　interesting　as　evidence　of　the　close　similarity　in　bodily　structure　and　mental　disposition　of　all　the　races；　of　mankind。

Sixthly；　and　lastly；　I　have　attended。　　as　closely　as　I　could；　to　the　expression　of　the　several　passions　in　some　of　the　commoner　animals；　and　this　I　believe　to　be　of　paramount　importance；　not　of　course　for　deciding　how　far　in　man　certain　expressions　are　characteristic　of　certain　states　of　mind；　but　as　affording　the　safest　basis　for　generalisation　on　the　causes；　or　origin；　of　the　various　movements　of　Expression。　　In　observing　animals；　we　are　not　so　likely　to　be　biassed　by　our　imagination；　and　we　may　feel　safe　that　their　expressions　are　not　conventional。


From　the　reasons　above　assigned；　namely；　the　fleeting　nature　of　some　expressions　（the　changes　in　the　features　being　often　extremely　slight）；　our　sympathy　being　easily　aroused　when　we　behold　any　strong　emotion；　and　our　attention　thus　distracted；　our　imagination　deceiving　us；　from　knowing　in　a　vague　manner　what　to　expect；　though　certainly　few　of　us　know　what　the　exact　changes　in　the　countenance　are；　and　lastly；　even　our　long　familiarity　with　the　subject；from　all　these　causes　combined；　the　observation　of　Expression　is　by　no　means　easy；　as　many　persons；　whom　I　have　asked　to　observe　certain　points；　have　soon　discovered。　Hence　it　is　difficult　to　determine；　with　certainty；　what　are　the　movements　of　the　features　and　of　the　body；　which　commonly　characterize　certain　states　of　the　mind。　Nevertheless；　some　of　the　doubts　and　difficulties　have；　as　I　hope；　been　cleared　away　by　the　observation　of　infants；　of　the　insane；of　the　different　races　of　man；of　works　of　art；　and　lastly；　of　the　facial　muscles　under　the　action　of　galvanism；　as　effected　by　Dr。　Duchenne。

But　there　remains　the　much　greater　difficulty　of　understanding　the　cause　or　origin　of　the　several　expressions；　and　of　judging　whether　any　theoretical　explanation　is　trustworthy。　　Besides；　judging　as　well　as　we　can　by　our　reason；　without　the　aid　of　any　rules；　which　of　two　or　more　explanations　is　the　most　satisfactory；　or　are　quite　unsatisfactory；　I　see　only　one　way　of　testing　our　conclusions。　This　is　to　observe　whether　the　same　principle　by　which　one　expression　can；　as　it　appears；　be　explained；　is　applicable　in　other　allied　cases；　and　especially；　whether　the　same　general　principles　can　be　applied　with　satisfactory　results；　both　to　man　and　the　lower　animals。　This　latter　method；　I　am　inclined　to　think；　is　the　most　serviceable　of　all。　The　difficulty　of　judging　of　the　truth　of　any　theoretical　explanation；　and　of　testing　it　by　some　distinct　line　of　investigation；　is　the　great　drawback　to　that　interest　which　the　study　seems　well　fitted　to　excite。

Finally；　with　respect　to　my　own　observations；　I　may　state　that　they　were　commenced　in　the　year　1838；　and　from　that　time　to　the　present　day；　I　have　occasionally　attended　to　the　subject。　　At　the　above　date；　I　was　already　inclined　to　believe　in　the　principle　of　evolution；　or　of　the　derivation　of　species　from　other　and　lower　forms。　Consequently；　when　I　read　Sir　C。　Bell's　great　work；　his　view；　that　man　had　been　created　with　certain　muscles　specially　adapted　for　the　expression　of　his　feelings；　struck　me　as　unsatisfactory。　It　seemed　probable　that　the　habit　of　expressing　our　feelings　by　certain　movements；　though　now　rendered　innate；　had　been　in　some　manner　gradually　acquired。　　But　to　discover　how　such　habits　had　been　acquired　was　perplexing　in　no　small　degree。　The　whole　subject　had　to　be　viewed　under　a　new　aspect；　and　each　expression　demanded　a　rational　explanation。　This　belief　led　me　to　attempt　the　present　work；　however　imperfectly　it　may　have　been　executed。


I　will　now　give　the　names　of　the　gentlemen　to　whom；　as　I　have　said；　I　am　deeply　indebted　for　information　in　regard　to　the　expressions　exhibited　by　various　races　of　man；　and　I　will　specify　some　of　the　circumstances　under　which　the　observations　were　in　each　case　made。　　Owing　to　the　great　kindness　and　powerful　influence　of　Mr。　Wilson；　of　Hayes　Place；　Kent；　I　have　received　from　Australia　no　less　than　thirteen　sets　of　answers　to　my　queries。　This　has　been　particularly　fortunate；　as　the　Australian　aborigines　rank　amongst　the　most　distinct　of　all　the　races　of　man。　It　will　be　seen　that　the　observations　have　been　chiefly　made　in　the　south；　in　the　outlying　parts　of　the　colony　of　Victoria；　but　some　excellent　answers　have　been　received　from　the　north。

Mr。　Dyson　Lacy　has　given　me　in　detail　some　valuable　observations；　made　several　hundred　miles　in　the　interior　of　Queensland。　To　Mr。　R。　Brough　Smyth；　of　Melbourne；　I　am　much　indebted　for　observations　made　by　himself；　and　for　sending　me　several　of　the　following　letters；　namely：From　the　Rev。　Mr。　Hagenauer；　of　Lake　Wellington；　a　missionary　in　Gippsland；　Victoria；　who　has　had　much　experience　with　the　natives。　　From　Mr。　Samuel　Wilson；　a　landowner；　residing　at　Langere