the expression of emotion in man and animals-第40章

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　in　the　course　of　a　few　minutes。　I　made　no　remark　on　the　subject；　but　on　a　subsequent　occasion　I　asked　her　to　act　on　her　grief…muscles；　another　girl　who　was　present；　and　who　could　do　so　voluntarily；　showing　her　what　was　intended。　She　tried　repeatedly；　but　utterly　failed；　yet　so　slight　a　cause　of　distress　as　not　being　able　to　talk　quickly　enough；　sufficed　to　bring　these　muscles　over　and　over　again　into　energetic　action。

The　expression　of　grief；　due　to　the　contraction　of　the　grief…muscles；　is　by　no　means　confined　to　Europeans；　but　appears　to　be　common　to　all　the　races　of　mankind。　　I　have；　at　least；　received　trustworthy　accounts　in　regard　to　Hindoos；　Dhangars　（one　of　the　aboriginal　hill…tribes　of　India；　and　therefore　belonging　to　a　quite　distinct　race　from　the　Hindoos）；　Malays；　Negroes　and　Australians。　　With　respect　to　the　latter；　two　observers　answer　my　query　in　the　affirmative；　but　enter　into　no　details。　Mr。　Taplin；　however；　appends　to　my　descriptive　remarks　the　words　〃this　is　exact。〃　　With　respect　to　negroes；　the　lady　who　told　me　of　Fra　Angelico's　picture；　saw　a　negro　towing　a　boat　on　the　Nile；　and　as　he　encountered　an　obstruction；　she　observed　his　grief…muscles　in　strong　action；　with　the　middle　of　the　forehead　well　wrinkled。　Mr。　Geach　watched　a　Malay　man　in　Malacca；　with　the　corners　of　his　mouth　much　depressed；　the　eyebrows　oblique；　with　deep　short　grooves　on　the　forehead。　　This　expression　lasted　for　a　very　short　time；　and　Mr。　Geach　remarks　it　〃was　a　strange　one；　very　much　like　a　person　about　to　cry　at　some　great　loss。〃

In　India　Mr。　H。　Erskine　found　that　the　natives　were　familiar　with　this　expression；　and　Mr。　J。　Scott；　of　the　Botanic　Gardens；　Calcutta；　has　obligingly　sent　me　a　full　description　of　two　cases。　He　observed　during　some　time；　himself　unseen；　a　very　young　Dhangar　woman　from　Nagpore；　the　wife　of　one　of　the　gardeners；　nursing　her　baby　who　was　at　the　point　of　death；　and　he　distinctly　saw　the　eyebrows　raised　at　the　inner　corners；　the　eyelids　drooping；　the　forehead　wrinkled　in　the　middle；　the　mouth　slightly　open；　with　the　corners　much　depressed。　　He　then　came　from　behind　a　screen　of　plants　and　spoke　to　the　poor　woman；　who　started；　burst　into　a　bitter　flood　of　tears；　and　besought　him　to　cure　her　baby。　The　second　case　was　that　of　a　Hindustani　man；　who　from　illness　and　poverty　was　compelled　to　sell　his　favourite　goat。　After　receiving　the　money；　he　repeatedly　looked　at　the　money　in　his　hand　and　then　at　the　goat；　as　if　doubting　whether　he　would　not　return　it。　　He　went　to　the　goat；　which　was　tied　up　ready　to　be　led　away；　and　the　animal　reared　up　and　licked　his　hands。　His　eyes　then　wavered　from　side　to　side；　his　〃mouth　was　partially　closed；　with　the　corners　very　decidedly　depressed。〃　At　last　the　poor　man　seemed　to　make　up　his　mind　that　he　must　part　with　his　goat；　and　then；　as　Mr。　Scott　saw；　the　eyebrows　became　slightly　oblique；　with　the　characteristic　puckering　or　swelling　at　the　inner　ends；　but　the　wrinkles　on　the　forehead　were　not　present。　The　man　stood　thus　for　a　minute；　then　heaving　a　deep　sigh；　burst　into　tears；　raised　up　his　two　hands；　blessed　the　goat；　turned　round；　and　without　looking　again；　went　away。

_On　the　cause　of　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrows　under　suffering_。　During　several　years　no　expression　seemed　to　me　so　utterly　perplexing　as　this　which　we　are　here　considering。　　Why　should　grief　or　anxiety　cause　the　central　fasciae　alone　of　the　frontal　muscle　together　with　those　round　the　eyes；　to　contract？　　Here　we　seem　to　have　a　complex　movement　for　the　sole　purpose　of　expressing　grief；　and　yet　it　is　a　comparatively　rare　expression；　and　often　overlooked。　I　believe　the　explanation　is　not　so　difficult　as　it　at　first　appears。　Dr。　Duchenne　gives　a　photograph　of　the　young　man　before　referred　to；　who；　when　looking　upwards　at　a　strongly　illuminated　surface；　involuntarily　contracted　his　grief…muscles　in　an　exaggerated　manner。　I　had　entirely　forgotten　this　photograph；　when　on　a　very　bright　day　with　the　sun　behind　me；　I　met；　whilst　on　horseback；　a　girl　whose　eyebrows；　as　she　looked　up　at　me；　became　extremely　oblique；　with　the　proper　furrows　on　her　forehead。　　I　have　observed　the　same　movement　under　similar　circumstances　on　several　subsequent　occasions。　On　my　return　home　I　made　three　of　my　children；　without　giving　them　any　clue　to　my　object；　look　as　long　and　as　attentively　as　they　could；　at　the　summit　of　a　tall　tree　standing　against　an　extremely　bright　sky。　With　all　three；　the　orbicular；　corrugator；　and　pyramidal　muscles　were　energetically　contracted；　through　reflex　action；　from　the　excitement　of　the　retina；　so　that　their　eyes　might　be　protected　from　the　bright　light。　But　they　tried　their　utmost　to　look　upwards；　and　now　a　curious　struggle；　with　spasmodic　twitchings；　could　be　observed　between　the　whole　or　only　the　central　portion　of　the　frontal　muscle；　and　the　several　muscles　which　serve　to　lower　the　eyebrows　and　close　the　eyelids。　The　involuntary　contraction　of　the　pyramidal　caused　the　basal　part　of　their　noses　to　be　transversely　and　deeply　wrinkled。　In　one　of　the　three　children；　the　whole　eyebrows　were　momentarily　raised　and　lowered　by　the　alternate　contraction　of　the　whole　frontal　muscle　and　of　the　muscles　surrounding　the　eyes；　so　that　the　whole　breadth　of　the　forehead　was　alternately　wrinkled　and　smoothed。　In　the　other　two　children　the　forehead　became　wrinkled　in　the　middle　part　alone；　rectangular　furrows　being　thus　produced；　and　the　eyebrows　were　rendered　oblique；　with　their　inner　extremities　puckered　and　swollen；　in　the　one　child　in　a　slight　degree；　in　the　other　in　a　strongly　marked　manner。　　This　difference　in　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrows　apparently　depended　on　a　difference　in　their　general　mobility；　and　in　the　strength　of　the　pyramidal　muscles。　　In　both　these　cases　the　eyebrows　and　forehead　were　acted　on　under　the　influence　of　a　strong　light；　in　precisely　the　same　manner；　in　every　characteristic　detail；　as　under　the　influence　of　grief　or　anxiety。

Duchenne　states　that　the　pyramidal　muscle　of　the　nose　is　less　under　the　control　of　the　will　than　are　the　other　muscles　round　the　eyes。　He　remarks　that　the　young　man　who　could　so　well　act　on　his　grief…muscles；　as　well　as　on　most　of　his　other　facial　muscles；　could　not　contract　the　pyramidals。＇5＇　This　power；　however；　no　doubt　differs　in　different　persons。　The　pyramidal　muscle　serves　to　draw　down　the　skin　of　the　forehead　between　the　eyebrows；　together　with　their　inner　extremities。　The　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　are　the　antagonists　of　the　pyramidal；　and　if　the　action　of　the　latter　is　to　be　specially　checked；　these　central　fasciae　must　be　contracted。　　So　that　with　persons　having　powerful　pyramidal　muscles；　if　there　is　under　the　influence　of　a　bright　light　an　unconscious　desire　to　prevent　the　lowering　of　the　eyebrows；　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle　must　be　brought　into　play；　and　their　contraction；　if　sufficiently　strong　to　overmaster　the　pyramidals；　together　with　the　contraction　of　the　corrugator　and　orbicular　muscles；　will　act　in　the　manner　just　described　on　the　eyebrows　and　forehead。

When　children　scream　or　cry　out；　they　contract；　as　we　know；　the　orbicular；　corrugator；　and　pyramidal　muscles；　primarily　for　the　sake　of　compressing　their　eyes；　and　thus　protecting　them　from　being　gorged　with　blood；　and　secondarily　through　habit。　I　therefore　expected　to　find　with　children；　that　when　they　endeavoured　either　to　prevent　a　crying…fit　from　coming　on；　or　to　stop　crying；　they　would　cheek　the　contraction　of　the　above…named　muscles；　in　the　same　manner　as　when　looking　upwards　at　a　bright　light；　and　consequently　that　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle　would　often　be　brought　into　play。　Accordingly；　I　began　myself　to　observe　children　at　such　times；　and　asked　others；　including　some　medical　men；　to　do　the　same。　It　is　necessary　to　observe　carefully；　as　the　peculiar　opposed　action　of　these　muscles　is　not　nearly　so　plain　in　children；　owing　to　their　foreheads　not　easily　wrinkling；　as　in　adults。　But　I　soon　found　that　the　grief…muscles　were　very　frequently　brought　into　distinct　action　on　these　occasions。　　It　would　be　superfluous　to　give　all　the　cases　which　have　been　observed；　and　I　will　specify　only　a　few。　　A　little　girl；　a　year　and　a　half　old；　was　teased　by　some　other　children；　and　befo