the expression of emotion in man and animals-第31章

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＇22＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　3rd　edit。　　1844；　pp。　　138；　121。　　CHAPTER　VI。

SPECIAL　EXPRESSIONS　OF　MAN：　　SUFFERING　AND　WEEPING。

The　screaming　and　weeping　Of　infantsForms　of　features　Age　at　which　weeping　commencesThe　effects　of　habitual　restraint　on　weepingSobbingCause　of　the　contraction　of　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　during　screamingCause　of　the　secretion　of　tears。


IN　this　and　the　following　chapters　the　expressions　exhibited　by　Man　under　various　states　of　the　mind　will　be　described　and　explained；　as　far　as　lies　in　my　power。　　My　observations　will　be　arranged　according　to　the　order　which　I　have　found　the　most　convenient；　and　this　will　generally　lead　to　opposite　emotions　and　sensations　succeeding　each　other。

_Suffering　of　the　body　and　mind：　　weeping_。I　have　already　described　in　sufficient　detail；　in　the　third　chapter；　the　signs　of　extreme　pain；　as　shown　by　screams　or　groans；　with　the　writhing　of　the　whole　body　and　the　teeth　clenched　or　ground　together。　These　signs　are　often　accompanied　or　followed　by　profuse　sweating；　pallor；　trembling；　utter　prostration；　or　faintness。　No　suffering　is　greater　than　that　from　extreme　fear　or　horror；　but　here　a　distinct　emotion　comes　into　play；　and　will　be　elsewhere　considered。　　Prolonged　suffering；　especially　of　the　mind；　passes　into　low　spirits；　grief；　dejection；　and　despair；　and　these　states　will　be　the　subject　of　the　following　chapter。　Here　I　shall　almost　confine　myself　to　weeping　or　crying；　more　especially　in　children。

Infants；　when　suffering　even　slight　pain；　moderate　hunger；　or　discomfort；　utter　violent　and　prolonged　screams。　Whilst　thus　screaming　their　eyes　are　firmly　closed；　so　that　the　skin　round　them　is　wrinkled；　and　the　forehead　contracted　into　a　frown。　The　mouth　is　widely　opened　with　the　lips　retracted　in　a　peculiar　manner；　which　causes　it　to　assume　a　squarish　form；　the　gums　or　teeth　being　more　or　less　exposed。　　The　breath　is　inhaled　almost　spasmodically。　　It　is　easy　to　observe　infants　whilst　screaming；　but　I　have　found　photographs　made　by　the　instantaneous　process　the　best　means　for　observation；　as　allowing　more　deliberation。　I　have　collected　twelve；　most　of　them　made　purposely　for　me；　and　they　all　exhibit　the　same　general　characteristics。　I　have；　therefore；　had　six　of　them＇1＇　（Plate　I。）　reproduced　by　the　heliotype　process。

The　firm　closing　of　the　eyelids　and　consequent　compression　of　the　eyeball；and　this　is　a　most　important　element　in　various　expressions；serves　to　protect　the　eyes　from　becoming　too　much　gorged　with　blood；　as　will　presently　be　explained　in　detail。　With　respect　to　the　order　in　which　the　several　muscles　contract　in　firmly　compressing　the　eyes；　I　am　indebted　to　Dr。　Langstaff；　of　Southampton；　for　some　observations；　which　I　have　since　repeated。　The　best　plan　for　observing　the　order　is　to　make　a　person　first　raise　his　eyebrows；　and　this　produces　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　forehead；　and　then　very　gradually　to　contract　all　the　muscles　round　the　elves　with　as　much　force　as　possible。　The　reader　who　is　unacquainted　with　the　anatomy　of　the　face；　ought　to　refer　to　p。　　24；　and　look　at　the　woodcuts　1　to　3。　The　corrugators　of　the　brow　（_corrugator　supercilii_）　seem　to　be　the　first　muscles　to　contract；　and　these　draw　the　eyebrows　downwards　and　inwards　towards　the　base　of　the　nose；　causing　vertical　furrows；　that　is　a　frown；　to　appear　between　the　eyebrows；　at　the　same　time　they　cause　the　disappearance　of　the　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　forehead。　　The　orbicular　muscles　contract　almost　simultaneously　with　the　corrugators；　and　produce　wrinkles　all　round　the　eyes；　they　appear；　however；　to　be　enabled　to　contract　with　greater　force；　as　soon　as　the　contraction　of　the　corrugators　has　given　them　some　support。　　Lastly；　the　pyramidal　muscles　of　the　nose　contract；　and　these　draw　the　eyebrows　and　the　skin　of　the　forehead　still　lower　down；　producing　short　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　base　of　the　nose。＇2＇　For　the　sake　of　brevity　these　muscles　will　generally　be　spoken　of　as　the　orbiculars；　or　as　those　surrounding　the　eyes。


＇1＇　The　best　photographs　in　my　collection　are　by　Mr。　Rejlander；　of　Victoria　Street；　London；　and　by　Herr　Kindermann；　of　Hamburg。　　Figs。　　1；　3；　4；　and　6　are　by　the　former；　and　figs。　2　and　5；　by　the　latter　gentleman。　　Fig。　　6　is　given　to　show　moderate　crying　in　an　older　child。

When　these　muscles　are　strongly　contracted；　those　running　to　the　upper　lip＇3＇　likewise　contract　and　raise　the　upper　lip。　This　might　have　been　expected　from　the　manner　in　which　at　least　one　of　them；　the　_malaris_；　is　connected　with　the　orbiculars。　Any　one　who　will　gradually　contract　the　muscles　round　his　eyes；　will　feel；　as　he　increases　the　force；　that　his　upper　lip　and　the　wings　of　his　nose　（which　are　partly　acted　on　by　one　of　the　same　muscles）　are　almost　always　a　little　drawn　up。　If　he　keeps　his　mouth　firmly　shut　whilst　contracting　the　muscles　round　the　eyes；　and　then　suddenly　relaxes　his　lips；　he　will　feel　that　the　pressure　on　his　eyes　immediately　increases。　So　again　when　a　person　on　a　bright；　glaring　day　wishes　to　look　at　a　distant　object；　but　is　compelled　partially　to　close　his　eyelids；　the　upper　lip　may　almost　always　be　observed　to　be　somewhat　raised。　The　mouths　of　some　very　short…sighted　persons；　who　are　forced　habitually　to　reduce　the　aperture　of　their　eyes；　wear　from　this　same　reason　a　grinning　expression。


＇2＇　Henle　（‘Handbuch　d。　　Syst。　　Anat。　　1858；　B。　i。　　s。　　139）　agrees　with　Duchenne　that　this　is　the　effect　of　the　contraction　of　the　_pyramidalis　nasi_。

＇3＇　These　consist　of　the　_levator　labii　superioris　alaeque　nasi_；　the　_levator　labii　proprius_；　the　_malaris_；　and　the　_zygomaticus　minor_；　or　little　zygomatic。　　This　latter　muscle　runs　parallel　to　and　above　the　great　zygomatic；　and　is　attached　to　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip。　It　is　represented　in　fig。　　2　（I。　p。　　24）；　but　not　in　figs。　1　and　3。　　Dr。　Duchenne　first　showed　（‘Mecanisme　de　la　Physionomie　Humaine；'　Album；　1862；　p。　　39）　the　importance　of　the　contraction　of　this　muscle　in　the　shape　assumed　by　the　features　in　crying。　Henle　considers　the　above…named　muscles　（excepting　the　_malaris_）　as　subdivisions　of　the　q_uadratus　labii　superioris_。

The　raising　of　the　upper　lip　draws　upwards　the　flesh　of　the　upper　parts　of　the　cheeks；　and　produces　a　strongly　marked　fold　on　each　cheek；the　naso…labial　fold；which　runs　from　near　the　wings　of　the　nostrils　to　the　corners　of　the　mouth　and　below　them。　This　fold　or　furrow　may　be　seen　in　all　the　photographs；　and　is　very　characteristic　of　the　expression　of　a　crying　child；　though　a　nearly　similar　fold　is　produced　in　the　act　of　laughing　or　Smiling。＇4＇


＇4＇　Although　Dr。　Duchenne　has　so　carefully　studied　the　contraction　of　the　different　muscles　during　the　act　of　crying；　and　the　furrows　on　the　face　thus　produced；　there　seems　to　be　something　incomplete　in　his　account；　but　what　this　is　I　cannot　say。　He　has　given　a　figure　（Album；　fig。　　48）　in　which　one　half　of　the　face　is　made；　by　galvanizing　the　proper　muscles；　to　smile；　whilst　the　other　half　is　similarly　made　to　begin　crying。　Almost　all　those　（viz。　nineteen　out　of　twenty…one　persons）　to　whom　I　showed　the　smiling　half　of　the　face　instantly　recognized　the　expression；　but；　with　respect　to　the　other　half；　only　six　persons　out　of　twenty…one　recognized　it；that　is；　if　we　accept　such　terms　as　〃grief；〃　〃misery；〃　〃annoyance；〃　as　correct；whereas；　fifteen　persons　were　ludicrously　mistaken；　some　of　them　saying　the　face　expressed　〃fun；〃　〃satisfaction；〃　〃cunning；〃　〃disgust；〃　&c。　We　may　infer　from　this　that　there　is　something　wrong　in　the　expression。　　Some　of　the　fifteen　persons　may；　however；　have　been　partly　misled　by　not　expecting　to　see　an　old　man　crying；　and　by　tears　not　being　secreted。　With　respect　to　another　figure　by　Dr。　Duchenne　（fig。　49）；　in　which　the　muscles　of　half　the　face　are　galvanized　in　order　to　represent　a　man　beginning　to　cry；　with　the　eyebrow　on　the　same　side　rendered　oblique；　which　is　characteristic　of　misery；　the　expression　was　recognized　by　a　greater　proportional　number　of　persons。　Out　of　twenty…three　persons；　fourteen　answered　correctly；　〃sorrow；〃　〃distress；〃　〃grief；〃　〃just　going　to　cry；〃　〃endurance　of　pain；〃　&c。　On　the　other　hand；　nine　persons　either　could　form　no　opinion　or　were　entirely　wrong；　answering；　〃cunning　leer；〃