the expression of emotion in man and animals-第30章

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They　next　made　all　sorts　of　grimaces；　and　put　themselves　in　various　attitudes　before　the　mirror；　they　pressed　and　rubbed　the　surface；　they　placed　their　hands　at　different　distances　behind　it；　looked　behind　it；　and　finally　seemed　almost　frightened；　started　a　little；　became　cross；　and　refused　to　look　any　longer。

When　we　try　to　perform　some　little　action　which　is　difficult　and　requires　precision；　for　instance；　to　thread　a　needle；　we　generally　close　our　lips　firmly；　for　the　sake；　I　presume；　of　not　disturbing　our　movements　by　breathing；　and　I　noticed　the　same　action　in　a　young　Orang。　　The　poor　little　creature　was　sick；　and　was　amusing　itself　by　trying　to　kill　the　flies　on　the　window…panes　with　its　knuckles；　this　was　difficult　as　the　flies　buzzed　about；　and　at　each　attempt　the　lips　were　firmly　compressed；　and　at　the　same　time　slightly　protruded。


＇17＇　W。　L。　Martin；　Nat。　　Hist。　　of　Mamm。　　Animals；　1841；　p。　　405。

Although　the　countenances；　and　more　especially　the　gestures；　of　orangs　and　chimpanzees　are　in　some　respects　highly　expressive；　I　doubt　whether　on　the　whole　they　are　so　expressive　as　those　of　some　other　kinds　of　monkeys。　This　may　be　attributed　in　part　to　their　ears　being　immovable；　and　in　part　to　the　nakedness　of　their　eyebrows；　of　which　the　movements　are　thus　rendered　less　conspicuous。　　When；　however；　they　raise　their　eyebrows　their　foreheads　become；　as　with　us；　transversely　wrinkled。　In　comparison　with　man；　their　faces　are　inexpressive；　chiefly　owing　to　their　not　frowning　under　any　emotion　of　the　mindthat　is；　as　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　observe；　and　I　carefully　attended　to　this　point。　Frowning；　which　is　one　of　the　most　important　of　all　the　expressions　in　man；　is　due　to　the　contraction　of　the　corrugators　by　which　the　eyebrows　are　lowered　and　brought　together；　so　that　vertical　furrows　are　formed　on　the　forehead。　Both　the　orang　and　chimpanzee　are　said＇18＇　to　possess　this　muscle；　but　it　seems　rarely　brought　into　action；　at　least　in　a　conspicuous　manner。　I　made　my　hands　into　a　sort　of　cage；　and　placing　some　tempting　fruit　within；　allowed　both　a　young　orang　and　chimpanzee　to　try　their　utmost　to　get　it　out；　but　although　they　grew　rather　cross；　they　showed　not　a　trace　of　a　frown。　Nor　was　there　any　frown　when　they　were　enraged。　　Twice　I　took　two　chimpanzees　from　their　rather　dark　room　suddenly　into　bright　sunshine；　which　would　certainly　have　caused　us　to　frown；　they　blinked　and　winked　their　eyes；　but　only　once　did　I　see　a　very　slight　frown。　　On　another　occasion；　I　tickled　the　nose　of　a　chimpanzee　with　a　straw；　and　as　it　crumpled　up　its　face；　slight　vertical　furrows　appeared　between　the　eyebrows。　I　have　never　seen　a　frown　on　the　forehead　of　the　orang。



＇18＇　Prof。　Owen　on　the　Orang；　Proc。　　Zool。　　Soc。　　1830；　p。　　28。　On　the　Chimpanzee；　see　Prof。　Macalister；　in　Annals　and　Mag。　of　Nat。　　Hist。　　vol。　　vii。　　1871；　p。　　342；　who　states　that　the　_corrugator　supercilii_　is　inseparable　from　the　_orbicularis　palpebrarum_。

The　gorilla；　when　enraged；　is　described　as　erecting　its　crest　of　hair；　throwing　down　its　under　lip；　dilating　its　nostrils；　and　uttering　terrific　yells。　　Messrs。　　Savage　and　Wyman＇19＇　state　that　the　scalp　can　be　freely　moved　backwards　and　forwards；　and　that　when　the　animal　is　excited　it　is　strongly　contracted；　but　I　presume　that　they　mean　by　this　latter　expression　that　the　scalp　is　lowered；　for　they　likewise　speak　of　the　young　chimpanzee；　when　crying　out；　as　having　the　eyebrows　strongly　contracted。〃　The　great　power　of　movement　in　the　scalp　of　the　gorilla；　of　many　baboons　and　other　monkeys；　deserves　notice　in　relation　to　the　power　possessed　by　some　few　men；　either　through　reversion　or　persistence；　of　voluntarily　moving　their　scalps。＇20＇

_Astonishment；　Terror_A　living　fresh…water　turtle　was　placed　at　my　request　in　the　same　compartment　in　the　Zoological　Gardens　with　many　monkeys；　and　they　showed　unbounded　astonishment；　as　well　as　some　fear。　This　was　displayed　by　their　remaining　motionless；　staring　intently　with　widely　opened　eyes；　their　eyebrows　being　often　moved　up　and　down。　Their　faces　seemed　somewhat　lengthened。　　They　occasionally　raised　themselves　on　their　hind…legs　to　get　abetter　view。　　They　often　retreated　a　few　feet；　and　then　turning　their　heads　over　one　shoulder；　again　stared　intently。　It　was　curious　to　observe　how　much　less　afraid　they　were　of　the　turtle　than　of　a　living　snake　which　I　had　formerly　placed　in　their　compartment；＇21＇　for　in　the　course　of　a　few　minutes　some　of　the　monkeys　ventured　to　approach　and　touch　the　turtle。　　On　the　other　hand；　some　of　the　larger　baboons　were　greatly　terrified；　and　grinned　as　if　on　the　point　of　screaming　out。　When　I　showed　a　little　dressed…up　doll　to　the　_Cynopithecus　niger_；　it　stood　motionless；　stared　intently　with　widely　opened　eyes；　and　advanced　its　ears　a　little　forwards。　　But　when　the　turtle　was　placed　in　its　compartment；　this　monkey　also　moved　its　lips　in　an　odd；　rapid；　jabbering　manner；　which　the　keeper　declared　was　meant　to　conciliate　or　please　the　turtle。


＇19＇　Boston　Journal　of　Nat。　　Hist。　　1845…47；　vol。　　v。　　p。　　423。　　On　the　Chimpanzee；　ibid。　　1843…44；　vol。　　iv。　　p。　　365。

＇20＇　See　on　this　subject；　‘Descent　of　Man；'　vol。　　i。　　p。　　20。

I　was　never　able　clearly　to　perceive　that　the　eyebrows　of　astonished　monkeys　were　kept　permanently　raised；　though　they　were　frequently　moved　up　and　down。　　Attention；　which　precedes　astonishment；　is　expressed　by　man　by　a　slight　raising　of　the　eyebrows；　and　Dr。　Duchenne　informs　me　that　when　he　gave　to　the　monkey　formerly　mentioned　some　quite　new　article　of　food；　it　elevated　its　eyebrows　a　little；　thus　assuming　an　appearance　of　close　attention。　It　then　took　the　food　in　its　fingers；　and；　with　lowered　or　rectilinear　eyebrows；　scratched；　smelt；　and　examined　it；　an　expression　of　reflection　being　thus　exhibited。　　Sometimes　it　would　throw　back　its　head　a　little；　and　again　with　suddenly　raised　eyebrows　re…examine　and　finally　taste　the　food。

In　no　case　did　any　monkey　keep　its　mouth　open　when　it　was　astonished。　Mr。　Sutton　observed　for　me　a　young　orang　and　chimpanzee　during　a　considerable　length　of　time；　and　however　much　they　were　astonished；　or　whilst　listening　intently　to　some　strange　sound；　they　did　not　keep　their　mouths　open。　This　fact　is　surprising；　as　with　mankind　hardly　any　expression　is　more　general　than　a　widely　open　mouth　under　the　sense　of　astonishment。　As　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　observe；　monkeys　breathe　more　freely　through　their　nostrils　than　men　do；　and　this　may　account　for　their　not　opening　their　mouths　when　they　are　astonished；　for；　as　we　shall　see　in　a　future　chapter；　man　apparently　acts　in　this　manner　when　startled；　at　first　for　the　sake　of　quickly　drawing　a　full　inspiration；　and　afterwards　for　the　sake　of　breathing　as　quietly　as　possible。


＇21＇　‘Descent　of　Man；'　vol；　i。　　p；　43。

Terror　is　expressed　by　many　kinds　of　monkeys　by　the　utterance　of　shrill　screams；　the　lips　being　drawn　back；　so　that　the　teeth　are　exposed。　The　hair　becomes　erect；　especially　when　some　anger　is　likewise　felt。　Mr。　Sutton　has　distinctly　seen　the　face　of　the　_Macacus　rhesus_　grow　pale　from　fear。　　Monkeys　also　tremble　from　fear；　and　sometimes　they　void　their　excretions。　　I　have　seen　one　which；　when　caught；　almost　fainted　from　an　excess　of　terror。


Sufficient　facts　have　now　been　given　with　respect　to　the　expressions　of　various　animals。　　It　is　impossible　to　agree　with　Sir　C。　Bell　when　he　says＇22＇　that　〃the　faces　of　animals　seem　chiefly　capable　of　expressing　rage　and　fear；〃　and　again；　when　he　says　that　all　their　expressions　〃may　be　referred；　more　or　less　plainly；　to　their　acts　of　volition　or　necessary　instincts。〃　He　who　will　look　at　a　dog　preparing　to　attack　another　dog　or　a　man；　and　at　the　same　animal　when　caressing　his　master；　or　will　watch　the　countenance　of　a　monkey　when　insulted；　and　when　fondled　by　his　keeper；　will　be　forced　to　admit　that　the　movements　of　their　features　and　their　gestures　are　almost　as　expressive　as　those　of　man。　　Although　no　explanation　can　be　given　of　some　of　the　expressions　in　the　lower　animals；　the　greater　number　are　explicable　in　accordance　with　the　three　principles　given　at　the　commencement　of　the　first　chapter。


＇22＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　3rd　edit。　　1844；　pp。　　138；　121。　　CHAPTER　VI。

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