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第29章

the expression of emotion in man and animals-第29章

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rnatus_ of Gray); said that it often cried; and Mr。 Bartlett; as well as the keeper Mr。 Sutton; have repeatedly seen it; when grieved; or even when much pitied; weeping so copiously that the tears rolled down its cheeks。 There is; however; something strange about this case; for two specimens subsequently kept in the Gardens; and believed to be the same species; have never been seen to weep; though they were carefully observed by the keeper and myself when much distressed and loudly screaming。 Rengger states'12' that the eyes of the _Cebus azarae_ fill with tears; but not sufficiently to overflow; when it is prevented getting some much desired object; or is much frightened。 Humboldt also asserts that the eyes of the _Callithrix sciureus_ 〃instantly fill with tears when it is seized with fear;〃 but when this pretty little monkey in the Zoological Gardens was teased; so as to cry out loudly; this did not occur。 I do not; however; wish to throw the least doubt on the accuracy of Humboldt's statement。

The appearance of dejection in young orangs and chimpanzees; when out of health; is as plain and almost as pathetic as in the case of our children。 This state of mind and body is shown by their listless movements; fallen countenances; dull eyes; and changed complexion。


'12' Rengger; ibid。  s。  46。  Humboldt; ‘Personal Narrative; Eng。  translat。 vol。  iv。  p。  527。  {Illust。 caption = FIG。  16。_Cynopithecus niger_; in a placid condition。

Drawn from life by Mr。 Wolf。  FIG。  17。The same; when pleased by being caressed。}

_Anger_。This emotion is often exhibited by many kinds of monkeys; and is expressed; as Mr。 Martin remarks;'13' in many different ways。 〃Some species; when irritated; pout the lips; gaze with a fixed and savage glare on their foe; and make repeated short starts as if about to spring forward; uttering at the same time inward guttural sounds。 Many display their anger by suddenly advancing; making abrupt starts; at the same time opening the mouth and pursing up the lips; so as to conceal the teeth; while the eyes are daringly fixed on the enemy; as if in savage defiance。  Some again; and principally the long…tailed monkeys; or Guenons; display their teeth; and accompany their malicious grins with a sharp; abrupt; reiterated cry。〃 Mr。 Sutton confirms the statement that some species uncover their teeth when enraged; whilst others conceal them by the protrusion of their lips; and some kinds draw back their ears。 The _Cynopithecus niger_; lately referred to; acts in this manner; at the same time depressing the crest of hair on its forehead; and showing its teeth; so that the movements of the features from anger are nearly the same as those from pleasure; and the two expressions can be distinguished only by those familiar with the animal。

Baboons often show their passion and threaten their enemies in a very odd manner; namely; by opening their mouths widely as in the act of yawning。  Mr。 Bartlett has often seen two baboons; when first placed in the same compartment; sitting opposite to each other and thus alternately opening their mouths; and this action seems frequently to end in a real yawn。 Mr。 Bartlett believes that both animals wish to show to each other that they are provided with a formidable set of teeth; as is undoubtedly the case。  As I could hardly credit the reality of this yawning gesture; Mr。 Bartlett insulted an old baboon and put him into a violent passion; and he almost immediately thus acted。 Some species of Macacus and of Cereopithecus'14' behave in the same manner。  Baboons likewise show their anger; as was observed by Brehin with those which he kept alive in Abyssinia; in another manner; namely; by striking the ground with one hand; 〃like an angry man striking the table with his fist。〃 I have seen this movement with the baboons in the Zoological Gardens; but sometimes the action seems rather to represent the searching for a stone or other object in their beds of straw。


'13' Nat。  Hist。  of Mammalia; 1841; p。  351。

Mr。 Sutton has often observed the face of the _Macacus rhesus_; when much enraged; growing red。  As he was mentioning this to me; another monkey attacked a _rhesus_; and I saw its face redden as plainly as that of a man in a violent passion。  In the course of a few minutes; after the battle; the face of this monkey recovered its natural tint。 At the same time that the face reddened; the naked posterior part of the body; which is always red; seemed to grow still redder; but I cannot positively assert that this was the case。 When the Mandrill is in any way excited; the brilliantly coloured; naked parts of the skin are said to become still more vividly coloured。

With several species of baboons the ridge of the forehead projects much over the eyes; and is studded with a few long hairs; representing our eyebrows。  These animals are always looking about them; and in order to look upwards they raise their eyebrows。 They have thus; as it would appear; acquired the habit of frequently moving their eyebrows。  However this may be; many kinds of monkeys; especially the baboons; when angered or in any way excited; rapidly and incessantly move their eyebrows up and down; as well as the hairy skin of their foreheads。'15' As we associate in the case of man the raising and lowering of the eyebrows with definite states of the mind; the almost incessant movement of the eyebrows by monkeys gives them a senseless expression。 I once observed a man who had a trick of continually raising his eyebrows without any corresponding emotion; and this gave to him a foolish appearance; so it is with some persons who keep the corners of their mouths a little drawn backwards and upwards; as if by an incipient smile; though at the time they are not amused or pleased。


'14' Brehm; ‘Thierleben;' B。 i。  s。  84。  On baboons striking the ground; s。  61。

A young orang; made jealous by her keeper attending to another monkey; slightly uncovered her teeth; and; uttering a peevish noise like _tish…shist_; turned her back on him。  Both orangs and chimpanzees; when a little more angered; protrude their lips greatly; and make a harsh barking noise。 A young female chimpanzee; in a violent passion; presented a curious resemblance to a child in the same state。  She screamed loudly with widely open mouth; the lips being retracted so that the teeth were fully exposed。 She threw her arms wildly about; sometimes clasping them over her head。 She rolled on the ground; sometimes on her back; sometimes on her belly; and bit everything within reach。  A young gibbon (_Hylobates syndactylus_) in a passion has been described'16' as behaving in almost exactly the same manner。

The lips of young orangs and chimpanzees are protruded; sometimes to a wonderful degree; under various circumstances。 They act thus; not only when slightly angered; sulky; or disappointed; but when alarmed at anythingin one instance; at the sight of a turtle;'17'and likewise when pleased。 But neither the degree of protrusion nor the shape of the mouth is exactly the same; as I believe; in all cases; and the sounds which are then uttered are different。 The accompanying drawing represents a chimpanzee made sulky by an orange having been offered him; and then taken away。 A similar protrusion or pouting of the lips; though to a much slighter degree; may be seen in sulky children。


'15' Brehm remarks (‘Thierleben;' s。  68) that the eyebrows of the _Inuus ecaudatus_ are frequently moved up and down when the animal is angered。

'16' G。 Bennett; ‘Wanderings in New South Wales;' &c。 vol。 ii。  1834; p。  153。  FIG。  18。…Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky。 Drawn from life by Mr。 Wood。

Many years ago; in the Zoological Gardens; I placed a looking…glass on the floor before two young orangs; who; as far as it was known; had never before seen one。  At first they gazed at their own images with the most steady surprise; and often changed their point of view。 They then approached close and protruded their lips towards the image; as if to kiss it; in exactly the same manner as they had previously done towards each other; when first placed; a few days before; in the same room。 They next made all sorts of grimaces; and put themselves in various attitudes before the mirror; the

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