the expression of emotion in man and animals-第24章

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＇31＇　Prof。　Cope　enumerates　a　number　of　kinds　in　his　‘Method　of　Creation　of　Organic　Types；'　read　before　the　American　Phil。　　Soc。；　December　15th；　1871；　p。　　20。　　Prof。　Cope　takes　the　same　view　as　I　do　of　the　use　of　the　gestures　and　sounds　made　by　snakes。　　I　briefly　alluded　to　this　subject　in　the　last　edition　of　my　‘Origin　of　Species。'　　Since　the　passages　in　the　text　above　have　been　printed；　I　have　been　pleased　to　find　that　Mr。　Henderson　（‘The　American　Naturalist；'　May；　1872；　p。　　260）　also　takes　a　similar　view　of　the　use　of　the　rattle；　namely　〃in　preventing　an　attack　from　being　made。〃

_The　Drawing　back　and　pressure　of　the　Ears　to　the　Head_。The　ears　through　their　movements　are　highly　expressive　in　many　animals；　but　in　some；　such　as　man；　the　higher　apes；　and　many　ruminants；　they　fail　in　this　respect。　　A　slight　difference　in　position　serves　to　express　in　the　plainest　manner　a　different　state　of　mind；　as　we　may　daily　see　in　the　dog；　but　we　are　here　concerned　only　with　the　ears　being　drawn　closely　backwards　and　pressed　to　the　head。　A　savage　frame　of　mind　is　thus　shown；　but　only　in　the　case　of　those　animals　which　fight　with　their　teeth；　and　the　care　which　they　take　to　prevent　their　ears　being　seized　by　their　antagonists；　accounts　for　this　position。　　Consequently；　through　habit　and　association；　whenever　they　feel　slightly　savage；　or　pretend　in　their　play　to　be　savage；　their　ears　are　drawn　back。　That　this　is　the　true　explanation　may　be　inferred　from　the　relation　which　exists　in　very　many　animals　between　their　manner　of　fighting　and　the　retraction　of　their　ears。


＇32＇　Mr。　des　Voeux；　in　Proc。　　Zool。　　Soc。　　1871；　p。　　3。

All　the　Carnivora　fight　with　their　canine　teeth；　and　all；　as　far　as　I　have　observed；　draw　their　ears　back　when　feeling　savage。　This　may　be　continually　seen　with　dogs　when　fighting　in　earnest；　and　with　puppies　fighting　in　play。　　The　movement　is　different　from　the　falling　down　and　slight　drawing　back　of　the　ears；　when　a　dog　feels　pleased　and　is　caressed　by　his　master。　The　retraction　of　the　ears　may　likewise　be　seen　in　kittens　fighting　together　in　their　play；　and　in　full…grown　cats　when　really　savage；　as　before　illustrated　in　fig。　　9　（p。　58）。　Although　their　ears　are　thus　to　a　large　extent　protected；　yet　they　often　get　much　torn　in　old　male　cats　during　their　mutual　battles。　The　same　movement　is　very　striking　in　tigers；　leopards；　&c。；　whilst　growling　over　their　food　in　menageries。　The　lynx　has　remarkably　long　ears；　and　their　retraction；　when　one　of　these　animals　is　approached　in　its　cage；　is　very　conspicuous；　and　is　eminently　expressive　of　its　savage　disposition。　Even　one　of　the　Eared　Seals；　the　_Otariapusilla_；　which　has　very　small　ears；　draws　them　backwards；　when　it　makes　a　savage　rush　at　the　legs　of　its　keeper。

When　horses　fight　together　they　use　their　incisors　for　biting；　and　their　fore…legs　for　striking；　much　more　than　they　do　their　hind…legs　for　kicking　backwards。　　This　has　been　observed　when　stallions　have　broken　loose　and　have　fought　together；　and　may　likewise　be　inferred　from　the　kind　of　wounds　which　they　inflict　on　each　other。　　Every　one　recognizes　the　vicious　appearance　which　the　drawing　back　of　the　ears　gives　to　a　horse。　This　movement　is　very　different　from　that　of　listening　to　a　sound　behind。　If　an　ill…tempered　horse　in　a　stall　is　inclined　to　kick　backwards；　his　ears　are　retracted　from　habit；　though　he　has　no　intention　or　power　to　bite。　But　when　a　horse　throws　up　both　hind…legs　in　play；　as　when　entering　an　open　field；　or　when　just　touched　by　the　whip；　he　does　not　generally　depress　his　ears；　for　he　does　not　then　feel　vicious。　　Guanacoes　fight　savagely　with　their　teeth；　and　they　must　do　so　frequently；　for　I　found　the　hides　of　several　which　I　shot　in　Patagonia　deeply　scored。　　So　do　camels；　and　both　these　animals；　when　savage；　draw　their　ears　closely　backwards。　Guanacoes；　as　I　have　noticed；　when　not　intending　to　bite；　but　merely　to　spit　their　offensive　saliva　from　a　distance　at　an　intruder；　retract　their　ears。　Even　the　hippopotamus；　when　threatening　with　its　widely…open　enormous　mouth　a　comrade；　draws　back　its　small　ears；　just　like　a　horse。

Now　what　a　contrast　is　presented　between　the　foregoing　animals　and　cattle；　sheep；　or　goats；　which　never　use　their　teeth　in　fighting；　and　never　draw　back　their　ears　when　enraged！　　Although　sheep　and　goats　appear　such　placid　animals；　the　males　often　join　in　furious　contests。　As　deer　form　a　closely　related　family；　and　as　I　did　not　know　that　they　ever　fought　with　their　teeth；　I　was　much　surprised　at　the　account　given　by　Major　Ross　King　of　the　Moose…deer　in　Canada。　　He　says；　when　〃two　males　chance　to　meet；　laying　back　their　ears　and　gnashing　their　teeth　together；　they　rush　at　each　other　with　appalling　fury。〃＇33＇　But　Mr。　Bartlett　informs　me　that　some　species　of　deer　fight　savagely　with　their　teeth；　so　that　the　drawing　back　of　the　ears　by　the　moose　accords　with　our　rule。　Several　kinds　of　kangaroos；　kept　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　fight　by　scratching　with　their　fore…feet　and　by　kicking　with　their　hind…legs；　but　they　never　bite　each　other；　and　the　keepers　have　never　seen　them　draw　back　their　ears　when　angered。　　Rabbits　fight　chiefly　by　kicking　and　scratching；　but　they　likewise　bite　each　other；　and　I　have　known　one　to　bite　off　half　the　tail　of　its　antagonist。　At　the　commencement　of　their　battles　they　lay　back　their　ears；　but　afterwards；　as　they　bound　over　and　kick　each　other；　they　keep　their　ears　erect；　or　move　them　much　about。


＇33＇　‘The　Sportsman　and　Naturalist　in　Canada；'　1866；　p。　　53。　　p。　　53。｛sic｝

Mr。　Bartlett　watched　a　wild　boar　quarrelling　rather　savagely　with　his　sow；　and　both　had　their　mouths　open　and　their　ears　drawn　backwards。　But　this　does　not　appear　to　be　a　common　action　with　domestic　pigs　when　quarrelling。　　Boars　fight　together　by　striking　upwards　with　their　tusks；　and　Mr。　Bartlett　doubts　whether　they　then　draw　back　their　ears。　Elephants；　which　in　like　manner　fight　with　their　tusks；　do　not　retract　their　ears；　but；　on　the　contrary；　erect　them　when　rushing　at　each　other　or　at　an　enemy。

The　rhinoceroses　in　the　Zoological　Gardens　fight　with　their　nasal　horns；　and　have　never　been　seen　to　attempt　biting　each　other　except　in　play；　and　the　keepers　are　convinced　that　they　do　not　draw　back　their　ears；　like　horses　and　dogs；　when　feeling　savage。　　The　following　statement；　therefore；　by　Sir　S。　Baker＇34＇　is　inexplicable；　namely；　that　a　rhinoceros；　which　he　shot　in　North　Africa；　〃had　no　ears；　they　had　been　bitten　off　close　to　the　head　by　another　of　the　same　species　while　fighting；　and　this　mutilation　is　by　no　means　uncommon。〃

Lastly；　with　respect　to　monkeys。　　Some　kinds；　which　have　moveable　ears；　and　which　fight　with　their　teethfor　instance　the　_Cereopithecus　ruber_　draw　back　their　ears　when　irritated　just　like　dogs；　and　they　then　have　a　very　spiteful　appearance。　　Other　kinds；　as　the　_Inuus　ecaudatus_；　apparently　do　not　thus　act。　　Again；　other　kindsand　this　is　a　great　anomaly　in　comparison　with　most　other　animalsretract　their　ears；　show　their　teeth；　and　jabber；　when　they　are　pleased　by　being　caressed。　　I　observed　this　in　two　or　three　species　of　Macacus；　and　in　the　_Cynopithecus　niger_。　This　expression；　owing　to　our　familiarity　with　dogs；　would　never　be　recognized　as　one　of　joy　or　pleasure　by　those　unacquainted　with　monkeys。


＇34＇　‘The　Nile　Tributaries　of　Abyssinia；'　1867；　p。　　443。


_Erection　of　the　Ears_。This　movement　requires　hardly　any　notice。　All　animals　which　have　the　power　of　freely　moving　their　ears；　when　they　are　startled；　or　when　they　closely　observe　any　object；　direct　their　ears　to　the　point　towards　which　they　are　looking；　in　order　to　hear　any　sound　from　this　quarter。　　At　the　same　time　they　generally　raise　their　heads；　as　all　their　organs　of　sense　are　there　situated；　and　some　of　the　smaller　animals　rise　on　their　hind…legs。　Even　those　kinds　which　squat　on　the　ground　or　instantly　flee　away　to　avoid　danger；　generally　act　momentarily　in　this　manner；　in　order　to　ascertain　the　source　and　nature　of　the　danger。　The　head　being　raised；　with　erected　ears　and　eyes　directed　forwards；　gives　an　unmistakable　expression　of　close　attention　to　any　animal。　CHAPTER　V。

SPECIAL　EXPRESSIONS　OF　ANIMALS。

The　Dog；　various　expressive　movements　ofCatsHorsesRuminantsMonkeys；　their