the expression of emotion in man and animals-第16章
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somotor system； which regulates the capillary circulation； is much influenced by the mind。 With respect to the movements of certain muscles of the face under great suffering； as well as from other emotions； these will be best considered when we treat of the special expressions of man and of the lower animals。
We will now turn to the characteristic symptoms of Rage。 Under this powerful emotion the action of the heart is much accelerated；＇9＇ or it may be much disturbed。 The face reddens； or it becomes purple from the impeded return of the blood； or may turn deadly pale。 The respiration is laboured； the chest heaves； and the dilated nostrils quiver。 The whole body often trembles。 The voice is affected。 The teeth are clenched or ground together； and the muscular system is commonly stimulated to violent； almost frantic action。 But the gestures of a man in this state usually differ from the purposeless writhings and struggles of one suffering from an agony of pain； for they represent more or less plainly the act of striking or fighting with an enemy。
All these signs of rage are probably in large part； and some of them appear to be wholly； due to the direct action of the excited sensorium。 But animals of all kinds； and their progenitors before them； when attacked or threatened by an enemy； have exerted their utmost powers in fighting and in defending themselves。 Unless an animal does thus act； or has the intention； or at least the desire； to attack its enemy； it cannot properly be said to be enraged。 An inherited habit of muscular exertion will thus have been gained in association with rage； and this will directly or indirectly affect various organs； in nearly the same manner as does great bodily suffering。
＇9＇ I am much indebted to Mr。 A。 H。 Garrod for having informed me of M。 Lorain's work on the pulse； in which a sphygmogram of a woman in a rage is given； and this shows much difference in the rate and other characters from that of the same woman in her ordinary state。
The heart no doubt will likewise be affected in a direct manner； but it will also in all probability be affected through habit； and all the more so from not being under the control of the will。 We know that any great exertion which we voluntarily make； affects the heart； through mechanical and other principles which need not here be considered； and it was shown in the first chapter that nerve…force flows readily through habitually used channels；through the nerves of voluntary or involuntary movement； and through those of sensation。 Thus even a moderate amount of exertion will tend to act on the heart； and on the principle of association； of which so many instances have been given； we may feel nearly sure that any sensation or emotion； as great pain or rage； which has habitually led to much muscular action； will immediately influence the flow of nerve…force to the heart； although there may not be at the time any muscular exertion。
The heart； as I have said； will be all the more readily affected through habitual associations； as it is not under the control of the will。 A man when moderately angry； or even when enraged； may command the movements of his body； but he cannot prevent his heart from beating rapidly。 His chest will perhaps give a few heaves； and his nostrils just quiver； for the movements of respiration are only in part voluntary。 In like manner those muscles of the face which are least obedient to the will； will sometimes alone betray a slight and passing emotion。 The glands again are wholly independent of the will； and a man suffering from grief may command his features； but cannot always prevent the tears from coming into his eyes。 A hungry man； if tempting food is placed before him； may not show his hunger by any outward gesture； but he cannot check the secretion of saliva。
Under a transport of Joy or of vivid Pleasure； there is a strong tendency to various purposeless movements； and to the utterance of various sounds。 We see this in our young children； in their loud laughter； clapping of hands； and jumping for joy； in the bounding and barking of a dog when going out to walk with his master； and in the frisking of a horse when turned out into an open field。 Joy quickens the circulation； and this stimulates the brain； which again reacts on the whole body。 The above purposeless movements and increased heart…action may be attributed in chief part to the excited state of the sensorium；＇10＇ and to the consequent undirected overflow； as Mr。 Herbert Spencer insists； of nerve…force。 It deserves notice； that it is chiefly the anticipation of a pleasure； and not its actual enjoyment； which leads to purposeless and extravagant movements of the body； and to the utterance of various sounds。 We see this in our children when they expect any great pleasure or treat； and dogs； which have been bounding about at
＇10＇ How powerfully intense joy excites the brain； and how the brain reacts on the body； is well shown in the rare cases of Psychical Intoxication。 Dr。 J。 Crichton Browne （‘Medical Mirror；' 1865） records the case of a young man of strongly nervous temperament； who； on hearing by a telegram that a fortune had been bequeathed him； first became pale； then exhilarated； and soon in the highest spirits； but flushed and very restless。 He then took a walk with a friend for the sake of tranquillising himself； but returned staggering in his gait； uproariously laughing； yet irritable in temper； incessantly talking； and singing loudly in the public streets。 It was positively ascertained that he had not touched any spirituous liquor； though every one thought that he was intoxicated。 Vomiting after a time came on； and the half…digested contents of his stomach were examined； but no odour of alcohol could be detected。 He then slept heavily； and on awaking was well； except that he suffered from headache； nausea； and prostration of strength。 the sight of a plate of food； when they get it do not show their delight by any outward sign； not even by wagging their tails。 Now with animals of all kinds； the acquirement of almost all their pleasures； with the exception of those of warmth and rest； are associated； and have long been associated with active movements； as in the hunting or search for food； and in their courtship。 Moreover； the mere exertion of the muscles after long rest or confinement is in itself a pleasure； as we ourselves feel； and as we see in the play of young animals。 Therefore on this latter principle alone we might perhaps expect； that vivid pleasure would be apt to show itself conversely in muscular movements。
With all or almost all animals； even with birds； Terror causes the body to tremble。 The skin becomes pale； sweat breaks out； and the hair bristles。 The secretions of the alimentary canal and of the kidneys are increased； and they are involuntarily voided； owing to the relaxation of the sphincter muscles； as is known to be the case with man； and as I have seen with cattle； dogs； cats； and monkeys。 The breathing is hurried。 The heart beats quickly； wildly； and violently； but whether it pumps the blood more efficiently through the body may be doubted； for the surface seems bloodless and the strength of the muscles soon fails。 In a frightened horse I have felt through the saddle the beating of the heart so plainly that I could have counted the beats。 The mental faculties are much disturbed。 Utter prostration soon follows； and even fainting。 A terrified canary…bird has been seen not only to tremble and to turn white about the base of the bill； but to faint；＇11＇ and I once caught a robin in a room； which fainted so completely； that for a time I thought it dead。
＇11＇ Dr。 Darwin； ‘Zoonomia；' 1794； vol。 i。 p。 148。
Most of these symptoms are probably the direct result； independently of habit； of the disturbed state of the sensorium； but it is doubtful whether they ought to be wholly thus accounted for。 When an animal is alarmed it almost always stands motionless for a moment； in order to collect its senses and to ascertain the source of danger； and sometimes for the sake of escaping detection。 But headlong flight soon follows； with no husbanding of the strength as in fighting； and the animal continues to fly as long as the dang
