representative government-第61章
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A PORTION of mankind may be said to constitute a Nationality if they are united among themselves by common sympathies which do not exist between them and any others… which make them co…operate with each other more willingly than with other people； desire to be under the same government； and desire that it should be government by themselves or a portion of themselves exclusively。 This feeling of nationality may have been generated by various causes。 Sometimes it is the effect of identity of race and descent。 Community of language； and community of religion； greatly contribute to it。 Geographical limits are one of its causes。 But the strongest of all is identity of political antecedents； the possession of a national history； and consequent community of recollections； collective pride and humiliation； pleasure and regret； connected with the same incidents in the past。 None of these circumstances； however； are either indispensable； or necessarily sufficient by themselves。 Switzerland has a strong sentiment of nationality； though the cantons are of different races； different languages； and different religions。 Sicily has； throughout history； felt itself quite distinct in nationality from Naples； notwithstanding identity of religion； almost identity of language； and a considerable amount of common historical antecedents。 The Flemish and the Walloon provinces of Belgium； notwithstanding diversity of race and language； have a much greater feeling of common nationality than the former have with Holland； or the latter with France。 Yet in general the national feeling is proportionally weakened by the failure of any of the causes which contribute to it。 Identity of language； literature； and； to some extent； of race and recollections； have maintained the feeling of nationality in considerable strength among the different portions of the German name； though they have at no time been really united under the same government； but the feeling has never reached to making the separate states desire to get rid of their autonomy。 Among Italians an identity far from complete； of language and literature； combined with a geographical position which separates them by a distinct line from other countries； and； perhaps more than everything else； the possession of a common name； which makes them all glory in the past achievements in arts； arms； politics； religious primacy； science； and literature； of any who share the same designation； give rise to an amount of national feeling in the population which； though still imperfect； has been sufficient to produce the great events now passing before us； notwithstanding a great mixture of races； and although they have never； in either ancient or modern history； been under the same government； except while that government extended or was extending itself over the greater part of the known world。 Where the sentiment of nationality exists in any force； there is a prima facie case for uniting all the members of the nationality under the same government； and a government to themselves apart。 This is merely saying that the question of government ought to be decided by the governed。 One hardly knows what any division of the human race should be free to do if not to determine with which of the various collective bodies of human beings they choose to associate themselves。 But； when a people are ripe for free institutions； there is a still more vital consideration。 Free institutions are next to impossible in a country made up of different nationalities。 Among a people without fellow…feeling； especially if they read and speak different languages； the united public opinion； necessary to the working of representative government； cannot exist。 The influences which form opinions and decide political acts are different in the different sections of the country。 An altogether different set of leaders have the confidence of one part of the country and of another。 The same books； newspapers； pamphlets； speeches； do not reach them。 One section does not know what opinions； or what instigations； are circulating in another。 The same incidents； the same acts； the same system of government； affect them in different ways； and each fears more injury to itself from the other nationalities than from the common arbiter； the state。 Their mutual antipathies are generally much stronger than jealousy of the government。 That any one of them feels aggrieved by the policy of the common ruler is sufficient to determine another to support that policy。 Even if all are aggrieved； none feel that they can rely on the others for fidelity in a joint resistance； the strength of none is sufficient to resist alone； and each may reasonably think that it consults its own advantage most by bidding for the favour of the government against the rest。 Above all； the grand and only effectual security in the last resort against the despotism of the government is in that case wanting： the sympathy of the army with the people。 The military are the part of every community in whom； from the nature of the case； the distinction between their fellow…countrymen and foreigners is the deepest and strongest。 To the rest of the people foreigners are merely strangers； to the soldier； they are men against whom he may be called； at a week's notice； to fight for life or death。 The difference to him is that between friends and foes… we may almost say between fellow…men and another kind of animals： for as respects the enemy； the only law is that of force； and the only mitigation the same as in the case of other animals… that of simple humanity。 Soldiers to whose feelings half or three…fourths of the subjects of the same government are foreigners will have no more scruple in mowing them down； and no more desire to ask the reason why； than they would have in doing the same thing against declared enemies。 An army composed of various nationalities has no other patriotism than devotion to the flag。 Such armies have been the executioners of liberty through the whole duration of modern history。 The sole bond which holds them together is their officers and the government which they serve； and their only idea； if they have any； of public duty is obedience to orders。 A government thus supported； by keeping its Hungarian regiments in Italy and its Italian in Hungary； can long continue to rule in both places with the iron rod of foreign conquerors。 If it be said that so broadly marked a distinction between what is due to a fellow…countryman and what is due merely to a human creature is more worthy of savages than of civilised beings； and ought； with the utmost energy； to be contended against； no one holds that opinion more strongly than myself。 But this object； one of the worthiest to which human endeavour can be directed； can never； in the present state of civilisation； be promoted by keeping different nationalities of anything like equivalent strength under the same government。 In a barbarous state of society the case is sometimes different。 The government may then be interested in softening the antipathies of the races that peace may be preserved and the country more easily governed。 But when there are either free institutions or a desire for them； in any of the peoples artificially tied together； the interest of the government lies in an exactly opposite direction。 It is then interested in keeping up and envenoming their antipathies that they may be prevented from coalescing； and it may be enabled to use some of them as tools for the enslavement of others。 The Austrian Court has now for a whole generation made these tactics its principal means of government； with what fatal success； at the time of the Vienna insurrection and the Hungarian contest； the world knows too well。 Happily there are now signs that improvement is too far advanced to permit this policy to be any longer successful。 For the preceding reasons； it is in general a necessary condition of free institutions that the boundaries of governments should coincide in the main with those of nationalities。 But several considerations are liable to conflict in practice with this general principle。 In the first place； its application is often precluded by geographical hindrances。 There are parts even of Europe in which different nationalit
