representative government-第44章
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ch consists mainly in the dispensation of a public fund； it is an object to prevent the choice from being exclusively in the hands of those who actively concern themselves about it； for the public interest which attaches to the election being of a limited kind； and in most cases not very great in degree； the disposition to make themselves busy in the matter is apt to be in a great measure confined to persons who hope to turn their activity to their own private advantage； and it may be very desirable to render the intervention of other people as little onerous to them as possible； if only for the purpose of swamping these private interests。 But when the matter in hand is the great business of national government； in which every one must take an interest who cares for anything out of himself； or who cares even for himself intelligently； it is much rather an object to prevent those from voting who are indifferent to the subject； than to induce them to vote by any other means than that of awakening their dormant minds。 The voter who does not care enough about the election to go to the poll； is the very man who； if he can vote without that small trouble； will give his vote to the first person who asks for it； or on the most trifling or frivolous inducement。 A man who does not care whether he votes； is not likely to care much which way he votes； and he who is in that state of mind has no moral right to vote at all； since； if he does so； a vote which is not the expression of a conviction； counts for as much； and goes as far in determining the result； as one which represents the thoughts and purposes of a life。〃… Thoughts； etc。； p。 39。
The polling places should be so numerous as to be within easy reach of every voter； and no expenses of conveyance； at the cost of the candidate； should be tolerated under any pretext。 The infirm； and they only on medical certificate； should have the right of claiming suitable carriage conveyance； at the cost of the State； or of the locality。 Hustings； poll clerks； and all the necessary machinery of elections； should be at the public charge。 Not only the candidate should not be required； he should not be permitted； to incur any but a limited and trifling expense for his election。 Mr。 Hare thinks it desirable that a sum of L50 should be required from every one who places his name on the list of candidates； to prevent persons who have no chance of success； and no real intention of attempting it； from becoming candidates in wantonness or from mere love of notoriety； and perhaps carrying off a few votes which are needed for the return of more serious aspirants。 There is one expense which a candidate or his supporters cannot help incurring； and which it can hardly be expected that the public should defray for every one who may choose to demand it； that of making his claims known to the electors； by advertisements； placards； and circulars。 For all necessary expenses of this kind the L50 proposed by Mr。 Hare； if allowed to be drawn upon for these purposes （it might be made L100 if requisite）； ought to be sufficient。 If the friends of the candidate choose to go to expense for committees and canvassing there are no means of preventing them； but such expenses out of the candidates's own pocket； or any expenses whatever beyond the deposit of L50 （or L100）； should be illegal and punishable。 If there appeared any likelihood that opinion would refuse to connive at falsehood； a declaration on oath or honour should be required from every member on taking his seat that he had not expended； nor would expend； money or money's worth beyond the L50； directly or indirectly； for the purposes of his election； and if the assertion were proved to be false or the pledge to have been broken； he should be liable to the penalties of perjury。 It is probable that those penalties； by showing that the Legislature was in earnest； would turn the course of opinion in the same direction； and would hinder it from regarding； as has hitherto done； this most serious crime against society as a venial peccadillo。 When once this effect has been produced； there need be no doubt that the declaration on oath or honour would be considered binding。* 〃Opinion tolerates a false disclaimer； only when it already tolerates the thing disclaimed。〃 This is notoriously the case with regard to electoral corruption。 There has never yet been； among political men； any real and serious attempt to prevent bribery； because there has been no real desire that elections should not be costly。 Their costliness is an advantage to those who can afford the expense； by excluding a multitude of competitors； and anything； however noxious； is cherished as having a conservative tendency if it limits the access to Parliament to rich men。 This is a rooted feeling among our legislators of both political parties； and is almost the only point on which I believe them to be really ill…intentioned。 They care comparatively little who votes； as long as they feel assured that none but persons of their own class can be voted for。 They know that they can rely on the fellow…feeling of one of their class with another； while the subservience of nouveaux enrichis； who are knocking at the door of the class； is a still surer reliance； and that nothing very hostile to the class interests or feelings of the rich need be apprehended under the most democratic suffrage as long as democratic persons can be prevented from being elected to Parliament。 But； even from their own point of view； this balancing of evil by evil； instead of combining good with good； is a wretched policy。 The object should be to bring together the best members of both classes； under such a tenure as shall induce them to lay aside their class preferences； and pursue jointly the path traced by the common interest； instead of allowing the class feelings of the Many to have full swing in the constituencies； subject to the impediment of having to act through persons imbued with the class feelings of the Few。
* Several of the witnesses before the Committee of the House of Commons in 1860； on the operation of the Corrupt Practices Prevention Act； some of them of great practical experience in election matters； were favourable （either absolutely or as a last resort） to the principle of requiring a declaration from members of Parliament； and were of opinion that； if supported by penalties； it would be； to a great degree； effectual。 （Evidence； pp。 46； 54…57； 67； 123； 198…202； 208。） The Chief Commissioner of the Wakefield Inquiry said （in reference certainly to a different proposal）； 〃If they see that the Legislature is earnest upon the subject； the machinery will work。。。。 I am quite sure that if some personal stigma were applied upon conviction of bribery； it would change the current of public opinion〃 （pp。 26 and 32）。 A distinguished member of the Committee （and of the present Cabinet） seemed to think it very objectionable to attach the penalties of perjury to a merely promissory as distinguished from an assertory oath； but he was reminded； that the oath taken by a witness in a court of justice is a promissory oath： and the rejoinder （that the witness's promise relates to an act to be done at once； while the member's would be a promise for all future time） would only be to the purpose； if it could be supposed that the swearer might forget the obligation he had entered into； or could possibly violate it unawares： contingencies which； in a case like the present； are out of the question。 A more substantial difficulty is that one of the forms most frequently assumed by election expenditure is that of subscriptions to local charities； or other local objects； and it would be a strong measure to enact that money should not be given in charity； within a place； by the member for it。 When such subscriptions are bona fide； the popularity which may be derived from them is an advantage which it seems hardly possible to deny to superior riches。 But the greatest part of the mischief consists in the fact that money so contributed is employed in bribery； under the euphemistic name of keeping up the member's interest。 To guard against this； it should be part of the member's promissory declaration； that all sums expended by him in the place； or for any pur
