representative government-第38章
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ny effect which most forms of government can produce。 It may； perhaps； be said； that a constitution which gives equal influence； man for man； to the most and to the least instructed； is nevertheless conducive to progress； because the appeals constantly made to the less instructed classes； the exercise given to their mental powers； and the exertions which the more instructed are obliged to make for enlightening their judgment and ridding them of errors and prejudices； are powerful stimulants to their advance in intelligence。 That this most desirable effect really attends the admission of the less educated classes to some； and even to a large share of power； I admit； and have already strenuously maintained。 But theory and experience alike prove that a counter current sets in when they are made the possessors of all power。 Those who are supreme over everything； whether they be One； or Few； or Many； have no longer need of the arms of reason： they can make their mere will prevail； and those who cannot be resisted are usually far too well satisfied with their own opinion to be willing to change them； or listen without impatience to any one who tells them that they are in the wrong。 The position which gives the strongest stimulus to the growth of intelligence is that of rising into power； not that of having achieved it； and of all resting…points； temporary or permanent； in the way to ascendancy； the one which develops the best and highest qualities is the position of those who are strong enough to make reason prevail； but not strong enough to prevail against reason。 This is the position in which； according to the principles we have laid down； the rich and the poor； the much and the little educated； and all the other classes and denominations which divide society between them； ought as far as practicable to be placed。 And by combining this principle with the otherwise just one of allowing superiority of weight to superiority of mental qualities； a political constitution would realise that kind of relative perfection which is alone compatible with the complicated nature of human affairs。
In the preceding argument for universal； but graduated suffrage； I have taken no account of difference of sex。 I consider it to be as entirely irrelevant to political rights as difference in height or in the colour of the hair。 All human beings have the same interest in good government； the welfare of all is alike affected by it； and they have equal need of a voice in it to secure their share of its benefits。 If there be any difference； women require it more than men； since； being physically weaker； they are more dependent on law and society for protection。 Mankind have long since abandoned the only premises which will support the conclusion that women ought not to have votes。 No one now holds that women should be in personal servitude； that they should have no thought； wish； or occupation； but to be the domestic drudges of husbands； fathers； or brothers。 It is allowed to unmarried； and wants but little of being conceded to married women； to hold property； and have pecuniary and business interests； in the same manner as men。 It is considered suitable and proper that women should think and write； and be teachers。 As soon as these things are admitted； the political disqualification has no principle to rest on。 The whole mode of thought of the modern world is with increasing emphasis pronouncing against the claim of society to decide for individuals what they are and are not fit for； and what they shall and shall not be allowed to attempt。 If the principles of modern politics and political economy are good for anything； it is for proving that these points can only be rightly judged of by the individuals themselves and that； under complete freedom of choice； wherever there are real diversities of aptitude； the great number will apply themselves to the things for which they are on the average fittest； and the exceptional course will only be taken by the exceptions。 Either the whole tendency of modern social improvements has been wrong； or it ought to be carried out to the total abolition of all exclusions and disabilities which close any honest employment to a human being。 But it is not even necessary to maintain so much in order to prove that women should have the suffrage。 Were it as right； as it is wrong； that they should be a subordinate class； confined to domestic occupations and subject to domestic authority； they would not the less require the protection of the suffrage to secure them from the abuse of that authority。 Men； as well as women； do not need political rights in order that they may govern； but in order that they may not be misgoverned。 The majority of the male sex are； and will be all their lives； nothing else than labourers in cornfields or manufactories； but this does not render the suffrage less desirable for them； nor their claim to it less irresistible； when not likely to make a bad use of it。 Nobody pretends to think that woman would make a bad use of the suffrage。 The worst that is said is that they would vote as mere dependents； the bidding of their male relations。 If it be so； so let it be。 If they think for themselves； great good will be done； and if they do not； no harm。 It is a benefit to human beings to take off their fetters； even if they do not desire to walk。 It would already be a great improvement in the moral position of women to be no longer declared by law incapable of an opinion； and not entitled to a preference； respecting the most important concerns of humanity。 There would be some benefit to them individually in having something to bestow which their male relatives cannot exact； and are yet desirous to have。 It would also be no small benefit that the husband would necessarily discuss the matter with his wife； and that the vote would not be his exclusive affair； but a joint concern。 People do not sufficiently consider how markedly the fact that she is able to have some action on the outward world independently of him raises her dignity and value in a vulgar man's eyes； and makes her the object of a respect which no personal qualities would ever obtain for one whose social existence he can entirely appropriate。 The vote itself； too； would be improved in quality。 The man would often be obliged to find honest reasons for his vote； such as might induce a more upright and impartial character to serve with him under the same banner。 The wife's influence would often keep him true to his own sincere opinion。 Often； indeed； it would be used； not on the side of public principle； but of the personal interest or worldly vanity of the family。 But wherever this would be the tendency of the wife's influence； it is exerted to the full already in that bad direction； and with the more certainty； since under the present law and custom she is generally too utter a stranger to politics in any sense in which they involve principle to be able to realise to herself that there is a point of honour in them； and most people have as little sympathy in the point of honour of others； when their own is not placed in the same thing； as they have in the religious feelings of those whose religion differs from theirs。 Give the woman a vote； and she comes under the operation of the political point of honour。 She learns to look on politics as a thing on which she is allowed to have an opinion； and in which if one has an opinion it ought to be acted upon； she acquires a sense of personal accountability in the matter； and will no longer feel； as she does at present； that whatever amount of bad influence she may exercise； if the man can but be persuaded； all is right； and his responsibility covers all。 It is only by being herself encouraged to form an opinion； and obtain an intelligent comprehension of the reasons which ought to prevail with the conscience against the temptations of personal or family interest； that she can ever cease to act as a disturbing force on the political conscience of the man。 Her indirect agency can only be prevented from being politically mischievous by being exchanged for direct。 I have supposed the right of suffrage to depend； as in a good state of things it would； on personal conditions。 Where it depends； as in this and m
