history of friedrich ii of prussia v 16-第60章

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Question　THIRD　is　But　Question　Third；　so　extremely　important　was　it　in　the　sequel；　will　deserve　a　Chapter　to　itself。


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter　XIV。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　THERE　IS　LIKE　TO　BE　ANOTHER　WAR　AHEAD。

Question　Third；　French…English　Canada　Question；　is　no　other　than；　under　a　new　form；　our　old　friend　the　inexorable　JENKINS'S…EAR　QUESTION；　soul　of　all　these　Controversies；　andexcept　Silesia　and　Friedrich's　Questionthe　one　meaning　they　have！　Huddled　together　it　had　been；　at　the　Peace　of　Aix…la…Chapelle；　and　left　for　closed　under　〃New　Spanish　Assiento　Treaty；〃　or　I　know　not　what：you　thought　to　close　it　by　Diplomatic　putty　and　varnish　in　that　manner：　and　here；　by　law　of　Nature；　it　comes　welling　up　on　you　anew。　For　IT　springs　from　the　Centre；　as　we　often　say；　and　is　the　fountain　and　determining　element　of　very　large　Sections　of　Human　History；　still　hidden　in　the　unseen　Time。

〃Ocean　Highway　to　be　free；　for　the　English　and　others　who　have　business　on　it？〃　The　English　have　a　real　and　weighty　errand　there。　〃English　to　trade　and　navigate；　as　the　Law　of　Nature　orders；　on　those　Seas；　and　to　ponderate　or　preponderate　there；　according　to　the　real　amount　of　weight　they　and　their　errand　have？　OR；　English　to　have　their　ears　torn　off；　and　imperious　French…Spanish　Bourbons；　grounding　on　extinct　Pope's…meridians；　GLOIRE　and　other　imaginary　bases；　to　take　command？〃　The　incalculable　Yankee　Nations；　shall　they　be　in　effect　YANGKEE　（〃English〃　with　a　difference）；　or　FRANGCEE　（〃French〃　with　a　difference）？　A　Question　not　to　be　closed　by　Diplomatic　putty；　try　as　you　will！

By　Treaty　of　Utrecht　（1713）；　〃all　Nova　Scotia　＇ACADIE　as　then　called＇；　with　Newfoundland　and　the　adjacent　Islands；〃　was　ceded　to　the　English；　and　has　ever　since　been　possessed　by　them　accordingly。　Unluckily　that　Treaty　omitted　to　settle　a　Line　of　Boundary　to　landward；　or　westward；　for　their　〃NOVA　SCOTIA；〃　or　generally；　a　Boundary　from　NORTH　TO　SOUTH　between　the　British　Colonies　and　the　French　in　those　parts。

The　Treaty　of　Aix…la…Chapelle；　eager　to　conclude　itself；　stipulated；　with　great　distinctness；　that　Cape　Breton；　all　its　guns　and　furnishings　entire；　should　be　restored　at　once　（France　extremely　anxious　on　that　point）；　but　for　the　rest　had；　being　in　such　haste；　flung　itself　altogether　into　the　principle　of　STATUS…　QUO…ANTE；　as　the　short　way　for　getting　through。　The　boundary　in　America　was　vaguely　defined；　as　〃now　to　be　what　it　had　been　before　the　War。〃　It　had；　for　many　years　before　the　War；　been　a　subject　of　constant　altercation。　ACADIE；　for　instance；　the　NOVA　SCOTIA　of　the　English　since　Utrecht　time；　the　French　maintained　to　mean　only　〃the　Peninsula〃；　or　Nook　included　between　the　Ocean　Waters　and　the　Bay　of　Fundy。　And；　more　emphatic　still；　on　the　〃Isthmus〃　（or　narrow　space；　at　northwest；　between　said　Bay　and　the　Ocean　or　the　Gulf　of　St。　Lawrence）　they　had　built　〃Forts：〃　〃Stockades；〃　or　I　know　not　what；　〃on　the　Missaquish〃　（HODIE　Missiquash）；　a　winding　difficult　river；　northmost　of　the　Bay　of　Fundy's　rivers；　which　the　French　affirm　to　be　the　real　limit　in　that　quarter。　The　sparse　French　Colonists　of　the　interior；　subjects　of　England；　are　not　to　be　conciliated　by　perfect　toleration　of　religion　and　the　like；　but　have　an　invincible　proclivity　to　join　their　Countrymen　outside；　and　wish　well　to　those　Stockades　on　the　Missiquash。　It　must　be　owned；　too；　the　French　Official　People　are　far　from　scrupulous　or　squeamish；　show　energy　of　management；　and　are　very　skilful　with　the　Indians；　who　are　an　important　item。　Canada　is　all　French；　has　its　Quebecs；　Montreals；　a　St。　Lawrence　River　occupied　at　all　the　good　military　points；　and　serving　at　once　as　bulwark　and　highway。

Southward　and　westward；　France；　in　its　exuberant　humor；　claims　for　itself　The　whole　Basin　of　the　St。　Lawrence；　and　the　whole　Basin　of　the　Mississippi　as　well：　〃Have　not　we　Stockades；　Castles；　at　the　military　points；　Fortified　Places　in　Louisiana　itself？〃　Yes；and　how　many　Ploughed　Fields　bearing　Crop　have　you？　It　is　to　the　good　Plougher；　not　ultimately　to　the　good　Cannonier；　that　those　portions　of　Creation　will　belong？　The　exuberant　intention　of　the　French　is；　after　getting　back　Cape　Breton；　〃To　restrict　those　aspiring　English　Colonies；〃　mere　Ploughers　and　Traders；　hardly　numbering　above　one　million；　〃to　the　Space　eastward　of　the　Alleghany　Mountains；〃　over　which　they　are　beginning　to　climb；　〃and　southward　of　that　Missiquash；　or；　at　farthest；　of　the　Penobscot　and　Kennebunk〃　（rivers　HODIE　in　the　State　of　Maine）。　＇La　Gallisonniere；　Governor　of　Canada's　DESPATCH；　〃Quebec；　15th　January；　1749〃　（cited　in　Bancroft；　　History　of　the　United　States；　　Boston；　1839；　et　seq。）。　〃The　English　Inhabitants　are　computed　at　1；051；000；　French　（in　Canada　45；000；　in　Louisiana　7；000）；　in　all　52；000：〃　　History　of　British　Dominions　in　North　America　　（London；　1773）；　p。　13。　Bancroft　（i。　154）　counts　the　English　Colonists　in　〃1754　about　1；200；000。〃＇　That　will　be　a　very　pretty　Parallelogram　for　them　and　their　ploughs　and　trade…packs：　we；　who　are　50；000　odd；　expert　with　the　rifle　far　beyond　them；　will　occupy　the　rest　of　the　world。　Such　is　the　French　exuberant　notion：　and；　October；　1745；　before　signature　at　Aix…la…Chapelle；　much　more　before　Delivery　of　Cape　Breton；　the　Commandant　at　Detroit　（west　end　of　Lake　Erie）　had　received　orders；　〃To　oppose　peremptorily　every　English　Establishment　not　only　thereabouts；　but　on　the　Ohio　or　its　tributaries；　by　monition　first；　and　then　by　force；　if　monition　do　not　serve。〃

Establishments　of　any　solidity　or　regularity　the　English　have　not　in　those　parts；　beyond　the　Alleghanies　all　is　desert：　〃from　the　Canada　Lakes　to　the　Carolinas；　mere　hunting…ground　of　the　Six　Nations；　dotted　with　here　and　there　an　English　trading…house；　or　adventurous　Squatter's　farm：〃to　whom　now　the　French　are　to　say：　〃Home　you；　instantly；　and　leave　the　Desert　alone！〃　The　French　have　distinct　Orders　from　Court；　and　energetically　obey　the　same；　the　English　have　indistinct　Orders　from　Nature；　and　do　not　want　energy；　or　mind　to　obey　these：　confusions　and　collisions　are　manifold；　ubiquitous；　continual。　Of　which　the　history　would　be　tiresome　to　everybody；　and　need　only　be　indicated　here　by　a　mark　or　two　of　the　main　passages。

In　1749；　three　things　had　occurred　worth　mention。　FIRST；　Captain　Coram；　a　public…spirited　half…pay　gentleman　in　London；　originator　of　the　Foundling　Hospital　there；　had　turned　his　attention　to　the　fine　capabilities　and　questionable　condition　of　NOVA　SCOTIA；　with　few　inhabitants；　and　those　mostly　disaffected；　and；　by　many　efforts　now　forgotten；　had　got　the　Government　persuaded　to　despatch　（June；　1749）　a　kind　of　Half…pay　or　Military　Colony　to　those　parts：　〃more　than　1；400　persons　disbanded　officers；　soldiers　and　marines；　under　Colonel　Edward　Cornwallis；〃　Brother　of　the　since　famous　Lord　Cornwallis。　＇Coxe's　　Pelham；　　ii。　113。＇　Who　landed；　accordingly；　on　that　rough　shore；　stockaded　themselves　in；　hardily　endeavoring　and　enduring；　and　next　year；　built　a　Town　for　themselves；　Town　of　HALIFAX　（so　named　from　the　then　Lord　Halifax；　President　of　the　Board　of　Trade）；　which　stands　there；　in　more　and　more　conspicuous　manner；　at　this　day。　Thanks　to　you；　Captain　Coram；　though　the　ungrateful　generations　（except　dimly　in　CORAM　Street；　near　your　Hospital）　have　lost　all　memory　of　you；　as　their　wont　is。　Blockheads；　never　mind　them。

The　SECOND　thing　is；　an　〃Ohio　Company〃　has　got　together　in　Virginia；　Governor　there　encouraging；　Britannic　Majesty　giving　Charter　（March；　1749）；　and　what　is　still　easier；　〃500；000　Acres　of　Land〃　in　those　Ohio　regions；　since　you　are　minded　to　colonize　there　in　a　fixed　manner。　Britannic　Majesty　thinks　the　Country　〃between　the　Monongahela　and　the　Kanahawy〃　（southern　feeders　of　Ohio）　will　do　best；　but　is　not　particular。　Ohio　Company；　we　shall　find；　chose　at　last；　as　the　eligible　spot；　the　topmost　fork　or　very　Head　of　the　Ohio；where　Monongahela　River　from　south　and　Alleghany　River　from　north　unite　to　form　〃The　Ohio；〃　where　stands；　in　our　day；　the　big　sooty　Town　of　Pittsburg　and　its　industries。　Ohio　Company　was　laudably　eager　on　this　matter；　Land…Surveyor　in　it　（nay；　at　length；　〃Colonel　of　a　Regiment　of　150　men　raised　by　the　Ohio　Company〃）　was　Mr。　George　Wash