letters to his son, 1749-第8章
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eat and even amplify the praise to the party concerned。 This is； of all flattery； the most pleasing； and consequently the most effectual。 There are other； and many other； inoffensive arts of this kind； which are necessary in the course of the world； and which he who practices the earliest； will please the most； and rise the soonest。 The spirits and vivacity of youth are apt to neglect them as useless； or reject them as troublesome。 But subsequent knowledge and experience of the world reminds us of their importance； commonly when it is too late。 The principal of these things is the mastery of one's temper； and that coolness of mind； and serenity of countenance； which hinders us from discovering by words； actions； or even looks； those passions or sentiments by which we are inwardly moved or agitated； and the discovery of which gives cooler and abler people such infinite advantages over us； not only in great business； but in all the most common occurrences of life。 A man who does not possess himself enough to hear disagreeable things without visible marks of anger and change of countenance； or agreeable ones； without sudden bursts of joy and expansion of countenance； is at the mercy of every artful knave or pert coxcomb； the former will provoke or please you by design； to catch unguarded words or looks by which he will easily decipher the secrets of your heart； of which you should keep the key yourself； and trust it with no man living。 The latter will； by his absurdity； and without intending it； produce the same discoveries of which other people will avail themselves。 You will say； possibly； that this coolness must be constitutional； and consequently does not depend upon the will： and I will allow that constitution has some power over us； but I will maintain； too； that people very often； to excuse themselves； very unjustly accuse their constitutions。 Care and reflection； if properly used； will get the better： and a man may as surely get a habit of letting his reason prevail over his constitution； as of letting； as most people do； the latter prevail over the former。 If you find yourself subject to sudden starts of passion or madness （for I see no difference between them but in their duration）； resolve within yourself； at least； never to speak one word while you feel that emotion within you。 Determine； too； to keep your countenance as unmoved and unembarrassed as possible； which steadiness you may get a habit of； by constant attention。 I should desire nothing better； in any negotiation； than to have to do with one of those men of warm； quick passions； which I would take care to set in motion。 By artful provocations I would extort rash unguarded expressions； and； by hinting at all the several things that I could suspect； infallibly discover the true one； by the alteration it occasioned in the countenance of the person。 'Volto sciolto con pensieri stretti'； is a most useful maxim in business。 It is so necessary at some games； such as 'Berlan Quinze'； etc。； that a man who had not the command of his temper and countenance； would infallibly be outdone by those who had； even though they played fair。 Whereas； in business； you always play with sharpers； to whom； at least； you should give no fair advantages。 It may be objected； that I am now recommending dissimulation to you； I both own and justify it。 It has been long said； 'Qui nescit dissimulare nescit regnare'： I go still further； and say； that without some dissimulation no business can be carried on at all。 It is SIMULATION that is false； mean； and criminal： that is the cunning which Lord Bacon calls crooked or left… handed wisdom； and which is never made use of but by those who have not true wisdom。 And the same great man says； that dissimulation is only to hide our own cards； whereas simulation is put on； in order to look into other people's。 Lord Bolingbroke； in his 〃Idea of a Patriot King；〃 which he has lately published； and which I will send you by the first opportunity； says very justly that simulation is a STILETTO；not only an unjust but an unlawful weapon； and the use of it very rarely to be excused； never justified。 Whereas dissimulation is a shield； as secrecy is armor； and it is no more possible to preserve secrecy in business； without same degree of dissimulation； than it is to succeed in business without secrecy。 He goes on； and says； that those two arts of dissimulation and secrecy are like the alloy mingled with pure ore： a little is necessary； and will not debase the coin below its proper standard； but if more than that little be employed （that is； simulation and cunning）； the coin loses its currency； and the coiner his credit。
Make yourself absolute master； therefore； of your temper and your countenance； so far； at least； as that no visible change do appear in either； whatever you may feel inwardly。 This may be difficult； but it is by no means impossible； and； as a man of sense never attempts impossibilities on one hand； on the other； he is never discouraged by difficulties： on the contrary； he redoubles his industry and his diligence； he perseveres； and infallibly prevails at last。 In any point which prudence bids you pursue； and which a manifest utility attends； let difficulties only animate your industry； not deter you from the pursuit。 If one way has failed； try another； be active； persevere； and you will conquer。 Some people are to be reasoned； some flattered； some intimidated； and some teased into a thing； but； in general； all are to be brought into it at last； if skillfully applied to； properly managed； and indefatigably attacked in their several weak places。 The time should likewise be judiciously chosen； every man has his 'mollia tempora'； but that is far from being all day long； and you would choose your time very ill； if you applied to a man about one business； when his head was full of another； or when his heart was full of grief； anger； or any other disagreeable sentiment。
In order to judge of the inside of others； study your own； for men in general are very much alike； and though one has one prevailing passion； and another has another； yet their operations are much the same； and whatever engages or disgusts； pleases or offends you； in others will； 'mutatis mutandis'； engage； disgust； please； or offend others； in you。 Observe with the utmost attention all the operations of your own mind； the nature of your passions； and the various motives that determine your will； and you may； in a great degree； know all mankind。 For instance； do you find yourself hurt and mortified when another makes you feel his superiority； and your own inferiority； in knowledge； parts； rank； or fortune？ You will certainly take great care not to make a person whose good will； good word； interest； esteem； or friendship； you would gain； feel that superiority in you； in case you have it。 If disagreeable insinuations； sly sneers； or repeated contradictions； tease and irritate you； would you use them where you wish to engage and please？ Surely not； and I hope you wish to engage and please； almost universally。 The temptation of saying a smart and witty thing； or 'bon mot'； and the malicious applause with which it is commonly received； has made people who can say them； and； still oftener； people who think they can； but cannot； and yet try； more enemies； and implacable ones too； than any one other thing that I know of： When such things； then； shall happen to be said at your expense （as sometimes they certainly will）； reflect seriously upon the sentiments of uneasiness； anger； and resentment which they excite in you； and consider whether it can be prudent； by the same means； to excite the same sentiments in others against you。 It is a decided folly to lose a friend for a jest； but； in my mind； it is not a much less degree of folly to make an enemy of an indifferent and neutral person； for the sake of a 'bon mot'。 When things of this kind happen to be said of you； the most prudent way is to seem not to suppose that they are meant at you； but to dissemble and conceal whatever degree of anger you may feel inwardly； but； should they be so plain that you cannot be supposed ignorant of their meaning； to join in the laugh of the company against yourself； acknowledge the h
