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glaucus-第32章

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those who have toiled in it know to be full of ever…fresh health; 

and wonder and simple joy; and the presence and the glory of Him 

whose name is LOVE。







APPENDIX。







PLATE I。







ZOOPHYTA。  POLYZOA。



THE forms of animal life which are now united in an independent 

class; under the name Polyzoa; so nearly resemble the Hydroid 

Zoophytes in general form and appearance that a casual observer may 

suppose them to be nearly identical。  In all but the more recent 

works; they are treated as distinct indeed; but still included 

under the general term 〃ZOOPHYTES。〃  The animals of both groups are 

minute; polypiform creatures; mostly living in transparent cells; 

springing from the sides of a stem which unites a number of 

individuals in one common life; and grows in a shrub…like form upon 

any submarine body; such as a shell; a rock; a weed; or even 

another polypidom to which it is parasitically attached。  Each 

polype; in both classes; protrudes from and retreats within its 

cell by an independent action; and when protruded puts forth a 

circle of tentacles whose motion round the mouth is the means of 

securing nourishment。  There are; however; peculiarities in the 

structure of the Polyzoa which seem to remove them from 

Zoophytology to a place in the system of nature more nearly 

connected with Molluscan types。  Some of them come so near to the 

compound ascidians that they have been termed; as an order; 

〃Zoophyta ascidioida。〃



The simplest form of polype is that of a fleshy bag open at one 

end; surmounted by a circle of contractile threads or fingers 

called tentacles。  The plate shows; on a very minute scale; at 

figs。 1; 3; and 6; several of these little polypiform bodies 

protruding from their cells。  But the Hydra or Fresh…water Polype 

has no cell; and is quite unconnected with any root thread; or with 

other individuals of the same species。  It is perfectly free; and 

so simple in its structure; that when the sac which forms its body 

is turned inside out it will continue to perform the functions of 

life as before。  The greater part; however; of these Hydraform 

Polypes; although equally simple as individuals; are connected in a 

compound life by means of their variously formed POLYPIDOM; as the 

branched system of cells is termed。  The Hydroid Zoophytes are 

represented in the first plate by the following examples。





HYDROIDA。





SERTULARIA ROSEA。  PL。 I。 FIG。 6。



A species which has the cells in pairs on opposite sides of the 

central tube; with the openings turned outwards。  In the more 

enlarged figure is seen a septum across the inner part of each cell 

which forms the base upon which the polype rests。  Fig。 6 B 

indicates the natural size of the piece of branch represented; but 

it must be remembered that this is only a small portion of the 

bushy shrub。





CAMPANULARIA SYRINGA。  PL。 I。 FIG。 8。





This Zoophyte twines itself parasitically upon a species of 

Sertularia。  The cells in this species are thrown out at irregular 

intervals upon flexible stems which are wrinkled in rings。  They 

consist of lengthened; cylindrical; transparent vases。





CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS。  PL。 I。 FIG。 9。





A still more beautiful species; with lengthened foot…stalks ringed 

at each end。  The polype is remarkable for the protrusion and 

contractile power of its lips。  It has about twenty knobbed 

tentacula。





POLYZOA。





Among Polyzoa the animal's body is coated with a membraneous 

covering; like that of the Tunicated Mollusca; but which is a 

continuation of the edge of the cell; which doubles back upon the 

body in such a manner that when the animal protrudes from its cell 

it pushes out the flexible membrane just as one would turn inside 

out the finger of a glove。  This oneness of cell and polype is a 

distinctive character of the group。  Another is the higher 

organization of the internal parts。  The mouth; surrounded by 

tentacles; leads by gullet and gizzard through a channel into a 

digesting stomach; from which the rejectable matter passes upwards 

through an intestinal canal till it is discharged near the mouth。  

The tentacles also differ much from those of true Polypes。  Instead 

of being fleshy and contractile; they are rather stiff; resembling 

spun glass; set on the sides with vibrating cilia; which by their 

motion up one side and down the other of each tentacle; produce a 

current which impels their living food into the mouth。  When these 

tentacles are withdrawn; they are gathered up in a bundle; like the 

stays of an umbrella。  Our Plate I。 contains the following examples 

of Polyzoa。





VALKERIA CUSCUTA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 3。





From a group in one of Mr。 Lloyd's vases。  Fig。 3 A is the natural 

size of the central group of cells; in a specimen coiled round a 

thread…like weed。  Underneath this is the same portion enlarged。  

When magnified to this apparent size; the cells could be seen in 

different states; some closed; and others with their bodies 

protruded。  When magnified to 3 D; we could pleasantly watch the 

gradual eversion of the membrane; then the points of the tentacles 

slowly appearing; and then; when fully protruded; suddenly 

expanding into a bell…shaped circle。  This was their usual 

appearance; but sometimes they could be noticed bending inwards; as 

in fig。 3 C; as if to imprison some living atom of importance。  

Fig。 B represents two tentacles; showing the direction in which the 

cilia vibrate。





CRISIA DENTICULATA。  PL。 I。 FIG。 4。





I have only drawn the cells from a prepared specimen。  The polypes 

are like those described above。





GEMELLARIA LORICATA。  PL。 I。 FIG。 5。





Here the cells are placed in pairs; back to back。  5 A is a very 

small portion on the natural scale。





CELLULARIA CILIATA。  Pl。 I。 FIG。 7





The cells are alternate on the stem; and are curiously armed with 

long whip…like cilia or spines。  On the back of some of the cells 

is a very strange appendage; the use of which is not with certainty 

ascertained。  It is a minute body; slightly resembling a vulture's 

head; with a movable lower beak。  The whole head keeps up a nodding 

motion; and the movable beak occasionally opens widely; and then 

suddenly snaps to with a jerk。  It has been seen to hold an 

animalcule between its jaws till the latter has died; but it has no 

power to communicate the prey to the polype in its cell or to 

swallow and digest it on its own account。  It is certainly not an 

independent parasite; as has been supposed; and yet its purpose in 

the animal economy is a mystery。  Mr。 Gosse conjectures that its 

use may be; by holding animalcules till they die and decay; to 

attract by their putrescence crowds of other animalcules; which may 

thus be drawn within the influence of the polype's ciliated 

tentacles。  Fig。 7 B shows the form of one of these 〃birds' heads;〃 

and fig。 7 C; its position on the cell。





FLUSTRA LINEATA。  PL。 I。 FIG。 1。





In Flustrae; the cells are placed side by side on an expanded 

membrane。  Fig。 1 represents the general appearance of a species 

which at least resembles F。 lineata as figured in Johnston's work。  

It is spread upon a Fucus。  Fig。 A is an enlarged view of the 

cells。





FLUSTRA FOLIACEA。  PL。 I。 FIG。 2。





We figure a frond or two of the common species; which has cells on 

both sides。  It is rarely that the polypes can be seen in a state 

of expansion。





SERIALARIA LENDIGERA。  PL。 I。 fig。 10。



NOTAMIA BURSARIA。  PL。  I。 fig。 11。





The 〃tobacco…pipe〃〃 appendages; fig。 11 B; are of unknown use:  

they are probably analogous to the birds' heads in the Cellularae。







PLATE V。







CORALS AND SEA ANEMONES。





CARYOPHYLLAEA SMITHII。  PL。 V。 FIG。 2。  PL。 VI。 FIG。 3。





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