glaucus-第32章
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those who have toiled in it know to be full of ever…fresh health;
and wonder and simple joy; and the presence and the glory of Him
whose name is LOVE。
APPENDIX。
PLATE I。
ZOOPHYTA。 POLYZOA。
THE forms of animal life which are now united in an independent
class; under the name Polyzoa; so nearly resemble the Hydroid
Zoophytes in general form and appearance that a casual observer may
suppose them to be nearly identical。 In all but the more recent
works; they are treated as distinct indeed; but still included
under the general term 〃ZOOPHYTES。〃 The animals of both groups are
minute; polypiform creatures; mostly living in transparent cells;
springing from the sides of a stem which unites a number of
individuals in one common life; and grows in a shrub…like form upon
any submarine body; such as a shell; a rock; a weed; or even
another polypidom to which it is parasitically attached。 Each
polype; in both classes; protrudes from and retreats within its
cell by an independent action; and when protruded puts forth a
circle of tentacles whose motion round the mouth is the means of
securing nourishment。 There are; however; peculiarities in the
structure of the Polyzoa which seem to remove them from
Zoophytology to a place in the system of nature more nearly
connected with Molluscan types。 Some of them come so near to the
compound ascidians that they have been termed; as an order;
〃Zoophyta ascidioida。〃
The simplest form of polype is that of a fleshy bag open at one
end; surmounted by a circle of contractile threads or fingers
called tentacles。 The plate shows; on a very minute scale; at
figs。 1; 3; and 6; several of these little polypiform bodies
protruding from their cells。 But the Hydra or Fresh…water Polype
has no cell; and is quite unconnected with any root thread; or with
other individuals of the same species。 It is perfectly free; and
so simple in its structure; that when the sac which forms its body
is turned inside out it will continue to perform the functions of
life as before。 The greater part; however; of these Hydraform
Polypes; although equally simple as individuals; are connected in a
compound life by means of their variously formed POLYPIDOM; as the
branched system of cells is termed。 The Hydroid Zoophytes are
represented in the first plate by the following examples。
HYDROIDA。
SERTULARIA ROSEA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 6。
A species which has the cells in pairs on opposite sides of the
central tube; with the openings turned outwards。 In the more
enlarged figure is seen a septum across the inner part of each cell
which forms the base upon which the polype rests。 Fig。 6 B
indicates the natural size of the piece of branch represented; but
it must be remembered that this is only a small portion of the
bushy shrub。
CAMPANULARIA SYRINGA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 8。
This Zoophyte twines itself parasitically upon a species of
Sertularia。 The cells in this species are thrown out at irregular
intervals upon flexible stems which are wrinkled in rings。 They
consist of lengthened; cylindrical; transparent vases。
CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS。 PL。 I。 FIG。 9。
A still more beautiful species; with lengthened foot…stalks ringed
at each end。 The polype is remarkable for the protrusion and
contractile power of its lips。 It has about twenty knobbed
tentacula。
POLYZOA。
Among Polyzoa the animal's body is coated with a membraneous
covering; like that of the Tunicated Mollusca; but which is a
continuation of the edge of the cell; which doubles back upon the
body in such a manner that when the animal protrudes from its cell
it pushes out the flexible membrane just as one would turn inside
out the finger of a glove。 This oneness of cell and polype is a
distinctive character of the group。 Another is the higher
organization of the internal parts。 The mouth; surrounded by
tentacles; leads by gullet and gizzard through a channel into a
digesting stomach; from which the rejectable matter passes upwards
through an intestinal canal till it is discharged near the mouth。
The tentacles also differ much from those of true Polypes。 Instead
of being fleshy and contractile; they are rather stiff; resembling
spun glass; set on the sides with vibrating cilia; which by their
motion up one side and down the other of each tentacle; produce a
current which impels their living food into the mouth。 When these
tentacles are withdrawn; they are gathered up in a bundle; like the
stays of an umbrella。 Our Plate I。 contains the following examples
of Polyzoa。
VALKERIA CUSCUTA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 3。
From a group in one of Mr。 Lloyd's vases。 Fig。 3 A is the natural
size of the central group of cells; in a specimen coiled round a
thread…like weed。 Underneath this is the same portion enlarged。
When magnified to this apparent size; the cells could be seen in
different states; some closed; and others with their bodies
protruded。 When magnified to 3 D; we could pleasantly watch the
gradual eversion of the membrane; then the points of the tentacles
slowly appearing; and then; when fully protruded; suddenly
expanding into a bell…shaped circle。 This was their usual
appearance; but sometimes they could be noticed bending inwards; as
in fig。 3 C; as if to imprison some living atom of importance。
Fig。 B represents two tentacles; showing the direction in which the
cilia vibrate。
CRISIA DENTICULATA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 4。
I have only drawn the cells from a prepared specimen。 The polypes
are like those described above。
GEMELLARIA LORICATA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 5。
Here the cells are placed in pairs; back to back。 5 A is a very
small portion on the natural scale。
CELLULARIA CILIATA。 Pl。 I。 FIG。 7
The cells are alternate on the stem; and are curiously armed with
long whip…like cilia or spines。 On the back of some of the cells
is a very strange appendage; the use of which is not with certainty
ascertained。 It is a minute body; slightly resembling a vulture's
head; with a movable lower beak。 The whole head keeps up a nodding
motion; and the movable beak occasionally opens widely; and then
suddenly snaps to with a jerk。 It has been seen to hold an
animalcule between its jaws till the latter has died; but it has no
power to communicate the prey to the polype in its cell or to
swallow and digest it on its own account。 It is certainly not an
independent parasite; as has been supposed; and yet its purpose in
the animal economy is a mystery。 Mr。 Gosse conjectures that its
use may be; by holding animalcules till they die and decay; to
attract by their putrescence crowds of other animalcules; which may
thus be drawn within the influence of the polype's ciliated
tentacles。 Fig。 7 B shows the form of one of these 〃birds' heads;〃
and fig。 7 C; its position on the cell。
FLUSTRA LINEATA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 1。
In Flustrae; the cells are placed side by side on an expanded
membrane。 Fig。 1 represents the general appearance of a species
which at least resembles F。 lineata as figured in Johnston's work。
It is spread upon a Fucus。 Fig。 A is an enlarged view of the
cells。
FLUSTRA FOLIACEA。 PL。 I。 FIG。 2。
We figure a frond or two of the common species; which has cells on
both sides。 It is rarely that the polypes can be seen in a state
of expansion。
SERIALARIA LENDIGERA。 PL。 I。 fig。 10。
NOTAMIA BURSARIA。 PL。 I。 fig。 11。
The 〃tobacco…pipe〃〃 appendages; fig。 11 B; are of unknown use:
they are probably analogous to the birds' heads in the Cellularae。
PLATE V。
CORALS AND SEA ANEMONES。
CARYOPHYLLAEA SMITHII。 PL。 V。 FIG。 2。 PL。 VI。 FIG。 3。
THE connection between Brainstones; Mushroom