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第11章

glaucus-第11章

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for a dozen smaller species; which you would probably find tangled 

among them; or parasitic on the sea…weed。  Here are Flustrae; or 

sea…mats。  This; which smells very like Verbena; is Flustra 

coriacea (Pl。 I。 Fig。 2)。  That scurf on the frond of ore…weed is 

F。 lineata (Pl。 Fig。 1)。  The glass bells twined about this 

Sertularia are Campanularia syringa (Pl。 I。 Fig。 9); and here is a 

tiny plant of Cellularia ciliata (Pl。 I。 Fig。 8)。  Look at it 

through the field…glass; for it is truly wonderful。  Each polype 

cell is edged with whip…like spines; and on the back of some of 

them is … what is it; but a live vulture's head; snapping and 

snapping … what for?



Nay; reader; I am here to show you what can be seen:  but as for 

telling you what can be known; much more what cannot; I decline; 

and refer you to Johnson's 〃Zoophytes;〃 wherein you will find that 

several species of polypes carry these same birds' heads:  but 

whether they be parts of the polype; and of what use they are; no 

man living knoweth。



Next; what are the striped pears?  They are sea…anemones; and of a 

species only lately well known; Sagartia viduata; the snake…locked 

anemone (Pl。 V。 Fig。 3(5))。  They have been washed off the loose 

stones to which they usually adhere by the pitiless roll of the 

ground…swell; however; they are not so far gone; but that if you 

take one of them home; and put it in a jar of water; it will expand 

into a delicate compound flower; which can neither be described nor 

painted; of long pellucid tentacles; hanging like a thin bluish 

cloud over a disk of mottled brown and grey。



Here; adhering to this large whelk; is another; but far larger and 

coarser。  It is Sagartia parasitica; one of our largest British 

species; and most singular in this; that it is almost always (in 

Torbay; at least;) found adhering to a whelk:  but never to a live 

one; and for this reason。  The live whelk (as you may see for 

yourself when the tide is out) burrows in the sand in chase of 

hapless bivalve shells; whom he bores through with his sharp tongue 

(always; cunning fellow; close to the hinge; where the fish is); 

and then sucks out their life。  Now; if the anemone stuck to him; 

it would be carried under the sand daily; to its own disgust。  It 

prefers; therefore; the dead whelk; inhabited by a soldier crab; 

Pagurus Bernhardi (Pl。 II。  Fig。 2); of which you may find a dozen 

anywhere as the tide goes out; and travels about at the crab's 

expense; sharing with him the offal which is his food。  Note; 

moreover; that the soldier crab is the most hasty and blundering of 

marine animals; as active as a monkey; and as subject to panics as 

a horse; wherefore the poor anemone on his back must have a hard 

life of it; being knocked about against rocks and shells; without 

warning; from morn to night and night to morn。  Against which 

danger; kind Nature; ever MAXIMA IN MINIMIS; has provided by 

fitting him with a stout leather coat; which she has given; I 

believe; to no other of his family。



Next; for the babies' heads; covered with prickles; instead of 

hair。  They are sea…urchins; Amphidotus cordatus; which burrow by 

thousands in the sand。  These are of that Spatangoid form; which 

you will often find fossil in the chalk; and which shepherd boys 

call snakes' heads。  We shall soon find another sort; an Echinus; 

and have time to talk over these most strange (in my eyes) of all 

living animals。



There are a hundred more things to be talked of here:  but we must 

defer the examination of them till our return; for it wants an hour 

yet of the dead low spring…tide; and ere we go home; we will spend 

a few minutes at least on the rocks at Livermead; where awaits us a 

strong…backed quarryman; with a strong…backed crowbar; as is to be 

hoped (for he snapped one right across there yesterday; falling 

miserably on his back into a pool thereby); and we will verify Mr。 

Gosse's observation; that …



〃When once we have begun to look with curiosity on the strange 

things that ordinary people pass over without notice; our wonder is 

continually excited by the variety of phase; and often by the 

uncouthness of form; under which some of the meaner creatures are 

presented to us。  And this is very specially the case with the 

inhabitants of the sea。  We can scarcely poke or pry for an hour 

among the rocks; at low…water mark; or walk; with an observant 

downcast eye; along the beach after a gale; without finding some 

oddly…fashioned; suspicious…looking being; unlike any form of life 

that we have seen before。  The dark concealed interior of the sea 

becomes thus invested with a fresh mystery; its vast recesses 

appear to be stored with all imaginable forms; and we are tempted 

to think there must be multitudes of living creatures whose very 

figure and structure have never yet been suspected。





〃'O sea! old sea! who yet knows half

Of thy wonders or thy pride!'〃

GOSSE'S AQUARIUM; pp。 226; 227。





These words have more than fulfilled themselves since they were 

written。  Those Deep…Sea dredgings; of which a detailed account 

will be found in Dr。 Wyville Thomson's new and most beautiful book; 

〃The Depths of the Sea;〃 have disclosed; of late years; wonders of 

the deep even more strange and more multitudinous than the wonders 

of the shore。  The time is past when we thought ourselves bound to 

believe; with Professor Edward Forbes; that only some hundred 

fathoms down; the inhabitants of the sea…bottom 〃become more and 

more modified; and fewer and fewer; indicating our approach towards 

an abyss where life is either extinguished; or exhibits but a few 

sparks to mark it's lingering presence。〃



Neither now need we indulge in another theory which had a certain 

grandeur in it; and was not so absurd as it looks at first sight; … 

namely; that; as Dr。 Wyville Thomson puts it; picturesquely enough; 

〃in going down the sea water became; under the pressure; gradually 

heavier and heavier; and that all the loose things floated at 

different levels; according to their specific weight; … skeletons 

of men; anchors and shot and cannon; and last of all the broad gold 

pieces lost in the wreck of many a galleon off the Spanish Main; 

the whole forming a kind of 'false bottom' to the ocean; beneath 

which there lay all the depth of clear still water; which was 

heavier than molten gold。〃



The facts are; first that water; being all but incompressible; is 

hardly any heavier; and just as liquid; at the greatest depth; than 

at the surface; and that therefore animals can move as freely in it 

in deep as in shallow water; and next; that as the fluids inside 

the body of a sea animal must be at the same pressure as that of 

the water outside it; the two pressures must balance each other; 

and the body; instead of being crushed in; may be unconscious that 

it is living under a weight of two or three miles of water。  But so 

it is; as we gather our curiosities at low…tide mark; or haul the 

dredge a mile or two out at sea; we may allow our fancy to range 

freely out to the westward; and down over the subaqueous cliffs of 

the hundred…fathom line; which mark the old shore of the British 

Isles; or rather of a time when Britain and Ireland were part of 

the continent; through water a mile; and two; and three miles deep; 

into total darkness; and icy cold; and a pressure which; in the 

open air; would crush any known living creature to a jelly; and be 

certain that we shall find the ocean…floor teeming everywhere with 

multitudinous life; some of it strangely like; some strangely 

unlike; the creatures which we see along the shore。



Some strangely like。  You may find; for instance; among the sea…

weed; here and there; a little black sea…spider; a Nymphon; who has 

this peculiarity; that possessing no body at all to speak of; he 

carries his needful stomach in long branches; packed inside his 

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