glaucus-第11章
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for a dozen smaller species; which you would probably find tangled
among them; or parasitic on the sea…weed。 Here are Flustrae; or
sea…mats。 This; which smells very like Verbena; is Flustra
coriacea (Pl。 I。 Fig。 2)。 That scurf on the frond of ore…weed is
F。 lineata (Pl。 Fig。 1)。 The glass bells twined about this
Sertularia are Campanularia syringa (Pl。 I。 Fig。 9); and here is a
tiny plant of Cellularia ciliata (Pl。 I。 Fig。 8)。 Look at it
through the field…glass; for it is truly wonderful。 Each polype
cell is edged with whip…like spines; and on the back of some of
them is … what is it; but a live vulture's head; snapping and
snapping … what for?
Nay; reader; I am here to show you what can be seen: but as for
telling you what can be known; much more what cannot; I decline;
and refer you to Johnson's 〃Zoophytes;〃 wherein you will find that
several species of polypes carry these same birds' heads: but
whether they be parts of the polype; and of what use they are; no
man living knoweth。
Next; what are the striped pears? They are sea…anemones; and of a
species only lately well known; Sagartia viduata; the snake…locked
anemone (Pl。 V。 Fig。 3(5))。 They have been washed off the loose
stones to which they usually adhere by the pitiless roll of the
ground…swell; however; they are not so far gone; but that if you
take one of them home; and put it in a jar of water; it will expand
into a delicate compound flower; which can neither be described nor
painted; of long pellucid tentacles; hanging like a thin bluish
cloud over a disk of mottled brown and grey。
Here; adhering to this large whelk; is another; but far larger and
coarser。 It is Sagartia parasitica; one of our largest British
species; and most singular in this; that it is almost always (in
Torbay; at least;) found adhering to a whelk: but never to a live
one; and for this reason。 The live whelk (as you may see for
yourself when the tide is out) burrows in the sand in chase of
hapless bivalve shells; whom he bores through with his sharp tongue
(always; cunning fellow; close to the hinge; where the fish is);
and then sucks out their life。 Now; if the anemone stuck to him;
it would be carried under the sand daily; to its own disgust。 It
prefers; therefore; the dead whelk; inhabited by a soldier crab;
Pagurus Bernhardi (Pl。 II。 Fig。 2); of which you may find a dozen
anywhere as the tide goes out; and travels about at the crab's
expense; sharing with him the offal which is his food。 Note;
moreover; that the soldier crab is the most hasty and blundering of
marine animals; as active as a monkey; and as subject to panics as
a horse; wherefore the poor anemone on his back must have a hard
life of it; being knocked about against rocks and shells; without
warning; from morn to night and night to morn。 Against which
danger; kind Nature; ever MAXIMA IN MINIMIS; has provided by
fitting him with a stout leather coat; which she has given; I
believe; to no other of his family。
Next; for the babies' heads; covered with prickles; instead of
hair。 They are sea…urchins; Amphidotus cordatus; which burrow by
thousands in the sand。 These are of that Spatangoid form; which
you will often find fossil in the chalk; and which shepherd boys
call snakes' heads。 We shall soon find another sort; an Echinus;
and have time to talk over these most strange (in my eyes) of all
living animals。
There are a hundred more things to be talked of here: but we must
defer the examination of them till our return; for it wants an hour
yet of the dead low spring…tide; and ere we go home; we will spend
a few minutes at least on the rocks at Livermead; where awaits us a
strong…backed quarryman; with a strong…backed crowbar; as is to be
hoped (for he snapped one right across there yesterday; falling
miserably on his back into a pool thereby); and we will verify Mr。
Gosse's observation; that …
〃When once we have begun to look with curiosity on the strange
things that ordinary people pass over without notice; our wonder is
continually excited by the variety of phase; and often by the
uncouthness of form; under which some of the meaner creatures are
presented to us。 And this is very specially the case with the
inhabitants of the sea。 We can scarcely poke or pry for an hour
among the rocks; at low…water mark; or walk; with an observant
downcast eye; along the beach after a gale; without finding some
oddly…fashioned; suspicious…looking being; unlike any form of life
that we have seen before。 The dark concealed interior of the sea
becomes thus invested with a fresh mystery; its vast recesses
appear to be stored with all imaginable forms; and we are tempted
to think there must be multitudes of living creatures whose very
figure and structure have never yet been suspected。
〃'O sea! old sea! who yet knows half
Of thy wonders or thy pride!'〃
GOSSE'S AQUARIUM; pp。 226; 227。
These words have more than fulfilled themselves since they were
written。 Those Deep…Sea dredgings; of which a detailed account
will be found in Dr。 Wyville Thomson's new and most beautiful book;
〃The Depths of the Sea;〃 have disclosed; of late years; wonders of
the deep even more strange and more multitudinous than the wonders
of the shore。 The time is past when we thought ourselves bound to
believe; with Professor Edward Forbes; that only some hundred
fathoms down; the inhabitants of the sea…bottom 〃become more and
more modified; and fewer and fewer; indicating our approach towards
an abyss where life is either extinguished; or exhibits but a few
sparks to mark it's lingering presence。〃
Neither now need we indulge in another theory which had a certain
grandeur in it; and was not so absurd as it looks at first sight; …
namely; that; as Dr。 Wyville Thomson puts it; picturesquely enough;
〃in going down the sea water became; under the pressure; gradually
heavier and heavier; and that all the loose things floated at
different levels; according to their specific weight; … skeletons
of men; anchors and shot and cannon; and last of all the broad gold
pieces lost in the wreck of many a galleon off the Spanish Main;
the whole forming a kind of 'false bottom' to the ocean; beneath
which there lay all the depth of clear still water; which was
heavier than molten gold。〃
The facts are; first that water; being all but incompressible; is
hardly any heavier; and just as liquid; at the greatest depth; than
at the surface; and that therefore animals can move as freely in it
in deep as in shallow water; and next; that as the fluids inside
the body of a sea animal must be at the same pressure as that of
the water outside it; the two pressures must balance each other;
and the body; instead of being crushed in; may be unconscious that
it is living under a weight of two or three miles of water。 But so
it is; as we gather our curiosities at low…tide mark; or haul the
dredge a mile or two out at sea; we may allow our fancy to range
freely out to the westward; and down over the subaqueous cliffs of
the hundred…fathom line; which mark the old shore of the British
Isles; or rather of a time when Britain and Ireland were part of
the continent; through water a mile; and two; and three miles deep;
into total darkness; and icy cold; and a pressure which; in the
open air; would crush any known living creature to a jelly; and be
certain that we shall find the ocean…floor teeming everywhere with
multitudinous life; some of it strangely like; some strangely
unlike; the creatures which we see along the shore。
Some strangely like。 You may find; for instance; among the sea…
weed; here and there; a little black sea…spider; a Nymphon; who has
this peculiarity; that possessing no body at all to speak of; he
carries his needful stomach in long branches; packed inside his