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第10章

glaucus-第10章

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clearly。  The valves gape apart some three…quarters of an inch。  

The semi…pellucid orange 〃mantle〃 fills the intermediate space。  

Through that mantle; at the end from which the foot curves; the 

siphons protrude; two thick short tubes joined side by side; their 

lips fringed with pearly cirri; or fringes; and very beautiful they 

are。  The larger is always open; taking in the water; which is at 

once the animal's food and air; and which; flowing over the 

delicate inner surface of the mantle; at once oxygenates its blood; 

and fills its stomach with minute particles of decayed organized 

matter。  The smaller is shut。  Wait a minute; and it will open 

suddenly and discharge a jet of clear water; which has been robbed; 

I suppose; of its oxygen and its organic matter。  But; I suppose; 

your eyes will be rather attracted by that same scarlet and orange 

foot; which is being drawn in and thrust out to a length of nearly 

four inches; striking with its point against any opposing object; 

and sending the whole shell backwards with a jerk。  The point; you 

see; is sharp and tongue…like; only flattened; not horizontally; 

like a tongue; but perpendicularly; so as to form; as it was 

intended; a perfect sand…plough; by which the animal can move at 

will; either above or below the surface of the sand。 (2)



But for colour and shape; to what shall we compare it?  To polished 

cornelian; says Mr。 Gosse。  I say; to one of the great red 

capsicums which hang drying in every Covent…garden seedsman's 

window。  Yet is either simile better than the guess of a certain 

lady; who; entering a room wherein a couple of Cardium tuberculatum 

were waltzing about a plate; exclaimed; 〃Oh dear!  I always heard 

that my pretty red coral came out of a fish; and here it is all 

alive!〃



〃C。 tuberculatum;〃 says Mr。 Gosse (who described it from specimens 

which I sent him in 1854); 〃is far the finest species。  The valves 

are more globose and of a warmer colour; those that I have seen are 

even more spinous。〃  Such may have been the case in those I sent:  

but it has occurred to me now and then to dredge specimens of C。 

aculeatum; which had escaped that rolling on the sand fatal in old 

age to its delicate spines; and which equalled in colour; size; and 

perfectness the noble one figured in poor dear old Dr。 Turton's 

〃British Bivalves。〃  Besides; aculeatum is a far thinner and more 

delicate shell。  And a third species; C。 echinatum; with curves 

more graceful and continuous; is to be found now and then with the 

two former。  In it; each point; instead of degenerating into a 

knot; as in tuberculatum; or developing from delicate flat briar…

prickles into long straight thorns; as in aculeatum; is close…set 

to its fellow; and curved at the point transversely to the shell; 

the whole being thus horrid with hundreds of strong tenterhooks; 

making his castle impregnable to the raveners of the deep。  For we 

can hardly doubt that these prickles are meant as weapons of 

defence; without which so savoury a morsel as the mollusc within 

(cooked and eaten largely on some parts of our south coast) would 

be a staple article of food for sea…beasts of prey。  And it is 

noteworthy; first; that the defensive thorns which are permanent on 

the two thinner species; aculeatum and echinatum; disappear 

altogether on the thicker one; tuberculatum; as old age gives him a 

solid and heavy globose shell; and next; that he too; while young 

and tender; and liable therefore to be bored through by whelks and 

such murderous univalves; does actually possess the same briar…

prickles; which his thinner cousins keep throughout life。  

Nevertheless; prickles; in all three species; are; as far as we can 

see; useless in Torbay; where no wolf…fish (Anarrhichas lupus) or 

other owner of shell…crushing jaws wanders; terrible to lobster and 

to cockle。  Originally intended; as we suppose; to face the strong…

toothed monsters of the Mediterranean; these foreigners have 

wandered northward to shores where their armour is not now needed; 

and yet centuries of idleness and security have not been able to 

persuade them to lay it by。  This … if my explanation is the right 

one … is but one more case among hundreds in which peculiarities; 

useful doubtless to their original possessors; remain; though now 

useless; in their descendants。  Just so does the tame ram inherit 

the now superfluous horns of his primeval wild ancestors; though he 

fights now … if he fights at all … not with his horns; but with his 

forehead。



Enough of Cardium tuberculatum。  Now for the other animals of the 

heap; and first; for those long white razors。  They; as well as the 

grey scimitars; are Solens; Razor…fish (Solen siliqua and S。 

ensis); burrowers in the sand by that foot which protrudes from one 

end; nimble in escaping from the Torquay boys; whom you will see 

boring for them with a long iron screw; on the sands at low tide。  

They are very good to eat; these razor…fish; at least; for those 

who so think them; and abound in millions upon all our sandy 

shores。 (3)



Now for the tapering brown spires。  They are Turritellae; snail…

like animals (though the form of the shell is different); who crawl 

and browse by thousands on the beds of Zostera; or grass wrack; 

which you see thrown about on the beach; and which grows naturally 

in two or three fathoms water。  Stay:  here is one which is 〃more 

than itself。〃  On its back is mounted a cluster of barnacles 

(Balanus Porcatus); of the same family as those which stud the 

tide…rocks in millions; scratching the legs of hapless bathers。  Of 

them; I will speak presently; for I may have a still more curious 

member of the family to show you。  But meanwhile; look at the mouth 

of the shell; a long grey worm protrudes from it; which is not the 

rightful inhabitant。  He is dead long since; and his place has been 

occupied by one Sipunculus Bernhardi; a wight of low degree; who 

connects 〃radiate〃 with annulate forms … in plain English; sea…

cucumbers (of which we shall see some soon) with sea…worms。  But 

however low in the scale of comparative anatomy; he has wit enough 

to take care of himself; mean ugly little worm as he seems。  For 

finding the mouth of the Turritella too big for him; he has 

plastered it up with sand and mud (Heaven alone knows how); just as 

a wry…neck plasters up a hole in an apple…tree when she intends to 

build therein; and has left only a round hole; out of which he can 

poke his proboscis。  A curious thing is this proboscis; when seen 

through the magnifier。  You perceive a ring of tentacles round the 

mouth; for picking up I know not what; and you will perceive; too; 

if you watch it; that when he draws it in; he turns mouth; 

tentacles and all; inwards; and so down into his stomach; just as 

if you were to turn the finger of a glove inward from the tip till 

it passed into the hand; and so performs; every time he eats; the 

clown's as yet ideal feat; of jumping down his own throat。 (4)



So much have we seen on one little shell。  But there is more to see 

close to it。  Those yellow plants which I likened to squirrels' 

tails and lobsters' horns; and what not; are zoophytes of different 

kinds。  Here is Sertularia argentea (true squirrel's tail); here; 

S。 filicula; as delicate as tangled threads of glass; here; 

abietina; here; rosacea。  The lobsters' horns are Antennaria 

antennina; and mingled with them are Plumulariae; always to be 

distinguished from Sertulariae by polypes growing on one side of 

the branch; and not on both。  Here is falcata; with its roots 

twisted round a sea…weed。  Here is cristata; on the same weed; and 

here is a piece of the beautiful myriophyllum; which has been 

battered in its long journey out of the deep water about the ore 

rock。  For all these you must consult Johnson's 〃Zoophytes;〃 and 

for a dozen smaller species; which you would probably find tang

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