darwin and modern science-第33章
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principle of Natural Selection he had a suggestion which would work。 It might not go the whole way； but it was true as far as it went。 Evolution could thus in great measure be fairly represented as a consequence of demonstrable processes。 Darwin seldom endangers the mechanism he devised by putting on it strains much greater than it can bear。 He at least was under no illusion as to the omnipotence of Selection； and he introduces none of the forced pleading which in recent years has threatened to discredit that principle。
For example； in the latest text of the 〃Origin〃 （〃Origin〃； （6th edition （1882）； page 421。） we find him saying：
〃But as my conclusions have lately been much misrepresented； and it has been stated that I attribute the modification of species exclusively to natural selection； I may be permitted to remark that in the first edition of this work； and subsequently； I placed in a most conspicuous position namely； at the close of the Introductionthe following words： 'I am convinced that natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification。'〃
But apart from the invention of this reasonable hypothesis； which may well； as Huxley estimated； 〃be the guide of biological and psychological speculation for the next three or four generations；〃 Darwin made a more significant and imperishable contribution。 Not for a few generations； but through all ages he should be remembered as the first who showed clearly that the problems of Heredity and Variation are soluble by observation； and laid down the course by which we must proceed to their solution。 （Whatever be our estimate of the importance of Natural Selection； in this we all agree。 Samuel Butler； the most brilliant； and by far the most interesting of Darwin's opponentswhose works are at length emerging from oblivionin his Preface （1882） to the 2nd edition of 〃Evolution； Old and New〃； repeats his earlier expression of homage to one whom he had come to regard as an enemy： 〃To the end of time； if the question be asked； 'Who taught people to believe in Evolution？' the answer must be that it was Mr。 Darwin。 This is true； and it is hard to see what palm of higher praise can be awarded to any philosopher。〃） The moment of inspiration did not come with the reading of Malthus； but with the opening of the 〃first note…book on Transmutation of Species。〃 （〃Life and Letters〃； I。 pages 276 and 83。） Evolution is a process of Variation and Heredity。 The older writers； though they had some vague idea that it must be so； did not study Variation and Heredity。 Darwin did； and so begat not a theory； but a science。
The extent to which this is true； the scientific world is only beginning to realise。 So little was the fact appreciated in Darwin's own time that the success of his writings was followed by an almost total cessation of work in that special field。 Of the causes which led to this remarkable consequence I have spoken elsewhere。 They proceeded from circumstances peculiar to the time； but whatever the causes there is no doubt that this statement of the result is historically exact； and those who make it their business to collect facts elucidating the physiology of Heredity and Variation are well aware that they will find little to reward their quest in the leading scientific Journals of the Darwinian epoch。
In those thirty years the original stock of evidence current and in circulation even underwent a process of attrition。 As in the story of the Eastern sage who first wrote the collected learning of the universe for his sons in a thousand volumes； and by successive compression and burning reduced them to one； and from this by further burning distilled the single ejaculation of the Faith； 〃There is no god but God and Mohamed is the Prophet of God；〃 which was all his maturer wisdom deemed essential：so in the books of that period do we find the corpus of genetic knowledge dwindle to a few prerogative instances； and these at last to the brief formula of an unquestioned creed。
And yet in all else that concerns biological science this period was； in very truth； our Golden Age； when the natural history of the earth was explored as never before； morphology and embryology were exhaustively ransacked； the physiology of plants and animals began to rival chemistry and physics in precision of method and in the rapidity of its advances； and the foundations of pathology were laid。
In contrast with this immense activity elsewhere the neglect which befel the special physiology of Descent； or Genetics as we now call it； is astonishing。 This may of course be interpreted as meaning that the favoured studies seemed to promise a quicker return for effort； but it would be more true to say that those who chose these other pursuits did so without making any such comparison； for the idea that the physiology of Heredity and Variation was a coherent science； offering possibilities of extraordinary discovery； was not present to their minds at all。 In a word； the existence of such a science was well nigh forgotten。 It is true that in ancillary periodicals； as for example those that treat of entomology or horticulture； or in the writings of the already isolated systematists （This isolation of the systematists is the one most melancholy sequela of Darwinism。 It seems an irony that we should read in the peroration to the 〃Origin〃 that when the Darwinian view is accepted 〃Systematists will be able to pursue their labours as at present； but they will not be incessantly haunted by the shadowy doubt whether this or that form be a true species。 This； I feel sure； and I speak after experience； will be no slight relief。 The endless disputes whether or not some fifty species of British brambles are good species will cease。〃 〃Origin〃； 6th edition （1882）； page 425。 True they have ceased to attract the attention of those who lead opinion； but anyone who will turn to the literature of systematics will find that they have not ceased in any other sense。 Should there not be something disquieting in the fact that among the workers who come most into contact with specific differences； are to be found the only men who have failed to be persuaded of the unreality of those differences？）； observations with this special bearing were from time to time related； but the class of fact on which Darwin built his conceptions of Heredity and Variation was not seen in the highways of biology。 It formed no part of the official curriculum of biological students； and found no place among the subjects which their teachers were investigating。
During this period nevertheless one distinct advance was made； that with which Weismann's name is prominently connected。 In Darwin's genetic scheme the hereditary transmission of parental experience and its consequences played a considerable role。 Exactly how great that role was supposed to be； he with his habitual caution refrained from specifying； for the sufficient reason that he did not know。 Nevertheless much of the process of Evolution； especially that by which organs have become degenerate and rudimentary； was certainly attributed by Darwin to such inheritance； though since belief in the inheritance of acquired characters fell into disrepute； the fact has been a good deal overlooked。 The 〃Origin〃 without 〃use and disuse〃 would be a materially different book。 A certain vacillation is discernible in Darwin's utterances on this question； and the fact gave to the astute Butler an opportunity for his most telling attack。 The discussion which best illustrates the genetic views of the period arose in regard to the production of the rudimentary condition of the wings of many beetles in the Madeira group of islands； and by comparing passages from the 〃Origin〃 （6th edition pages 109 and 401。 See Butler； 〃Essays on Life； Art； and Science〃； page 265； reprinted 1908； and 〃Evolution； Old and New〃； chapter XXII。 （2nd edition）； 1882。） Butler convicts Darwin of saying first that this condition was in the main the result of Selection； with disuse aiding； and in another place that the main cause of degeneration was disuse； but that Selection had aided。 To Darwin however I think the point would have seemed one of dialectics merely。 To him the one paramount pu
