darwin and modern science-第133章
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gratitude on the face of the invalid when he told me； shortly afterwards； how Huxley had sat by his bedside and 〃repeated the whole lecture to him。〃）
Darwin's generous nature seems often to have made him experience a fear lest he should do less than justice to his 〃dear old master；〃 and to the influence that the 〃Principles of Geology〃 had in moulding his mind。 In 1845 he wrote to Lyell； 〃I have long wished； not so much for your sake； as for my own feelings of honesty； to acknowledge more plainly than by mere reference； how much I geologically owe you。 Those authors； however； who like you； educate people's minds as well as teach them special facts； can never； I should think； have full justice done them except by posterity； for the mind thus insensibly improved can hardly perceive its own upward ascent。〃 （〃L。L。〃 I。 pages 337…8。） In another letter； to Leonard Horner； he says： 〃I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brain； and that I never acknowledge this sufficiently。〃 （〃M。L。〃 II。 page 117。） Darwin's own most favourite book； the 〃Narrative of the Voyage〃； was dedicated to Lyell in glowing terms； and in the 〃Origin of Species〃 he wrote of 〃Lyell's grand work on the 〃Principles of Geology〃； which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in Natural Science。〃 〃What glorious good that work has done〃 he fervently exclaims on another occasion。 （〃L。L。〃 I。 page 342。）
To the very end of his life； as all who were in the habit of talking with Darwin can testify； this sense of his indebtedness to Lyell remained with him。 In his 〃Autobiography〃； written in 1876； the year after Lyell's death； he spoke in the warmest terms of the value to him of the 〃Principles〃 while on the voyage and of the aid afforded to him by Lyell on his return to England。 （〃L。L。〃 I。 page 62。） But the year before his own death； Darwin felt constrained to return to the subject and to place on record a final appreciationone as honourable to the writer as it is to his lost friend：
〃I saw more of Lyell than of any other man； both before and after my marriage。 His mind was characterised； as it appeared to me； by clearness； caution； sound judgment； and a good deal of originality。 When I made any remark to him on Geology； he never rested until he saw the whole case clearly； and often made me see it more clearly than I had done before。 He would advance all possible objections to my suggestion； and even after these were exhausted would remain long dubious。 A second characteristic was his hearty sympathy with the work of other scientific men。。。His delight in science was ardent； and he felt the keenest interest in the future progress of mankind。 He was very kind…hearted。。。His candour was highly remarkable。 He exhibited this by becoming a convert to the Descent theory； though he had gained much fame by opposing Lamarck's views； and this after he had grown old。〃
〃THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY IS ENORMOUSLY INDEBTED TO LYELLMORE SO； AS I BELIEVE； THAN TO ANY OTHER MAN WHO EVER LIVED。〃 （〃L。L。〃 I。 pages 71…2 （the italics are mine。）
Those who knew Lyell intimately will recognise the truth of the portrait drawn by his dearest friend； and I believe that posterity will endorse Darwin's deliberate verdict concerning the value of his labours。
It was my own good fortune； to be brought into close contact with these two great men during the later years of their life； and I may perhaps be permitted to put on record the impressions made upon me during friendly intercourse with both。
In some respects； there was an extraordinary resemblance in their modes and habits of thought； between Lyell and Darwin； and this likeness was also seen in their modesty； their deference to the opinion of younger men； their enthusiasm for science； their freedom from petty jealousies and their righteous indignation for what was mean and unworthy in others。 But yet there was a difference。 Both Lyell and Darwin were cautious； but perhaps Lyell carried his caution to the verge of timidity。 I think Darwin possessed； and Lyell lacked； what I can only describe by the theological term； 〃faiththe substance of things hoped for； the evidence of things not seen。〃 Both had been constrained to feel that the immutability of species could not be maintained。 Both； too； recognised the fact that it would be useless to proclaim this conviction； unless prepared with a satisfactory alternative to what Huxley called 〃the Miltonic hypothesis。〃 But Darwin's conviction was so far vital and operative that it sustained him while working unceasingly for twenty…two years in collecting evidence bearing on the question； till at last he was in the position of being able to justify that conviction to others。
And yet Lyell's attitudeand that of Hooker； which was very similar proved of inestimable service to science； as Darwin often acknowledged。 One of the greatest merits of the 〃Origin of Species〃 is that so many difficulties and objections are anticipated and fairly met； and this was to a great extent the result of the persistent and very candidif always friendlycriticism of Lyell and Hooker。
I think the divergence of mental attitude in Lyell and Darwin must be attributed to a difference in temperament； the evidence of which sometimes appears in a very striking manner in their correspondence。 Thus in 1838； while they were in the thick of the fight with the Catastrophists of the Geological Society； Lyell wrote characteristically： 〃I really find； when bringing up my Preliminary Essays in 〃Principles〃 to the science of the present day； so far as I know it； that the great outline； and even most of the details； stand so uninjured； and in many cases they are so much strengthened by new discoveries； especially by yours； that we may begin to hope that the great principles there insisted on will stand the test of new discoveries。〃 （Lyell's 〃Life； Letters and Journals〃； Vol。 II。 page 44。） To which the more youthful and impetuous Darwin replies： 〃BEGIN TO HOPE： why the POSSIBILITY of a doubt has never crossed my mind for many a day。 This may be very unphilosophical； but my geological salvation is staked on it。。。it makes me quite indignant that you should talk of HOPING。〃 （〃L。L。〃 I。 page 296。）
It was not only Darwin's 〃geological salvation〃 that was at stake； when he surrendered himself to his enthusiasm for an idea。 To his firm faith in the doctrine of continuity we owe the 〃Origin of Species〃； and while Darwin became the 〃Paul〃 of evolution； Lyell long remained the 〃doubting Thomas。〃
Many must have felt like H。C。 Watson when he wrote： 〃How could Sir C。 Lyell。。。for thirty years read； write； and think； on the subject of species AND THEIR SUCCESSION； and yet constantly look down the wrong road！〃 （〃L。L。〃 II。 page 227。） Huxley attributed this hesitation of Lyell to his 〃profound antipathy〃 to the doctrine of the 〃pithecoid origin of man。〃 （〃L。L。〃 II。 page 193。） Without denying that this had considerable influence （and those who knew Lyell and his great devotion to his wife and her memory； are aware that he and she felt much stronger convictions concerning such subjects as the immortality of the soul than Darwin was able to confess to） yet I think Darwin had divined the real characteristics of his friend's mind； when he wrote： 〃He would advance all possible objections。。。AND EVEN AFTER THESE WERE EXHAUSTED； WOULD REMAIN LONG DUBIOUS。〃
Very touching indeed was the friendship maintained to the end between these two leaders of thoughtfree as their intercourse was from any smallest trace of self…seeking or jealousy。 When in 1874 I spent some time with Lyell in his Forfarshire home； a communication from Darwin was always an event which made a 〃red…letter day；〃 as Lyell used to say； and he gave me many indications in his conversation of how strongly he relied upon the opinion of Darwinmore indeed than on the judgment of any other manthis confidence not being confined to questions of science； but extending to those of morals； politics； and religion。
I have heard those who knew Lyell only slightly； speak of his manners as cold and reserved。 His complete absorption in his scientific work； coupled with extreme short…sightedness； almost in the end amounting to blindness；
