±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) >

µÚ5ÕÂ

the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú)-µÚ5ÕÂ

С˵£º the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



of¡¡food£»¡¡forage¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡labor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Even¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡wood¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡by¡¡¡¡river¡¡

the¡¡trouble¡¡is¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡overcome¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡horses¡¡are¡¡dead¡¡and¡¡eaten¡¡or¡¡starved¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡weak¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Factories¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡cease¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen£»¡¡

themselves¡¡underfed£»¡¡can¡¡drag¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡from¡¡the¡¡barges¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mills¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡

may¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡imagined¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡effect¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡hunger£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cold£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

disheartenment¡¡¡¡¡¡consequent¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡seeming¡¡

hopelessness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡position¡¡have¡¡on¡¡the¡¡productivity¡¡of¡¡labor£»¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡in¡¡

which¡¡reacts¡¡on¡¡all¡¡the¡¡industries£»¡¡on¡¡transport£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡general¡¡situation¡¡and¡¡

so¡¡again¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡itself¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡J¡£¡¡M¡£¡¡Keynes£»¡¡writing¡¡with¡¡Central¡¡Europe¡¡in¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡£¨he¡¡is£»¡¡I¡¡

think£»¡¡as¡¡ignorant¡¡of¡¡Russia¡¡as¡¡I¡¡am¡¡of¡¡Germany£©£»¡¡says£º¡¡¡¨What¡¡then¡¡is¡¡our¡¡

picture¡¡of¡¡Europe£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡country¡¡population¡¡able¡¡to¡¡support¡¡life¡¡on¡¡the¡¡fruits¡¡

of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡agricultural¡¡production£»¡¡but¡¡without¡¡the¡¡accustomed¡¡surplus¡¡for¡¡

the¡¡towns£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡£¨as¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡imported¡¡materials£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡of¡¡

variety¡¡and¡¡amount¡¡in¡¡the¡¡salable¡¡manufactures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡towns£©¡¡without¡¡the¡¡

usual¡¡incentives¡¡to¡¡market¡¡food¡¡in¡¡exchange¡¡for¡¡other¡¡wares£»¡¡an¡¡industrial¡¡

population¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡keep¡¡its¡¡strength¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡lack¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡food£»¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡earn¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

livelihood¡¡for¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡materials£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡make¡¡good¡¡by¡¡imports¡¡

from¡¡abroad¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡productivity¡¡at¡¡home¡¡¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡emphasized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡engraving£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡line¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡that¡¡

picture¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡bitten¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡repeated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡washes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡acid¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Several¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lines£»¡¡

however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡added¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡drawing£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡processes¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡

elsewhere¡¡have¡¡gone¡¡further¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡

see¡¡¡¡¡¡dimly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡faint¡¡¡¡¡¡outline£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡stage¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡decay¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡threatened¡£¡¡

The¡¡struggle¡¡to¡¡arrest¡¡decay¡¡is¡¡the¡¡real¡¡crisis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolution£»¡¡of¡¡Russia£»¡¡

and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡impossibly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡develops¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡13¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡14¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



end¡¡in¡¡this¡¡direction¡¡is¡¡a¡¡country¡¡lost¡¡to¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡comity¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£¡¡

And£»¡¡as¡¡one¡¡country¡¡follows¡¡another¡¡over¡¡the¡¡brink£»¡¡so¡¡will¡¡the¡¡remaining¡¡

countries¡¡be¡¡faced¡¡by¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡increasingly¡¡narrow¡¡self¡­dependence£»¡¡

in¡¡fact¡¡by¡¡the¡¡very¡¡conditions¡¡which¡¡in¡¡Russia£»¡¡so¡¡far£»¡¡have¡¡received¡¡their¡¡

clearest£»¡¡most¡¡forcible¡¡illustration¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡SHORTAGE¡¡OF¡¡MEN¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡preceding¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡wrote¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia's¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡wants£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

processes¡¡¡¡¡¡visibly¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡tending¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡condition¡¡¡¡¡¡worse¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡

better¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡I¡¡wrote¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡not¡¡of¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡wrote¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shortage¡¡of¡¡

this¡¡and¡¡of¡¡that£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡serious¡¡of¡¡all¡¡shortages£»¡¡which£»¡¡while¡¡

itself¡¡¡¡¡¡largely¡¡¡¡¡¡due¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡already¡¡¡¡¡¡discussed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡daily¡¡¡¡¡¡intensifies¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

points¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡stage¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡decay¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡threatened¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

near¡¡future¡¡in¡¡Russia£»¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡more¡¡distant¡¡future¡¡in¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡

write¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shortage¡¡deterioration¡¡of¡¡labor¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Shortage¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡is¡¡not¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡Russia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡among¡¡the¡¡postwar¡¡

phenomena¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡countries¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡accompanying¡¡

eases¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡cost¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe£»¡¡¡¡including¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia£»¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡enormous¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡­¡¡

bodied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡¡¡¡¡millions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lost¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡habit¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡regular¡¡

work¡£German¡¡industrialists¡¡complain¡¡that¡¡they¡¡cannot¡¡get¡¡labor£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡

when¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡get¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡productive¡£¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡heard¡¡¡¡¡¡complaints¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡

subject¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡England¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡crisis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡due¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡first¡¡

instance¡¡to¡¡the¡¡war¡¡and¡¡the¡¡isolation¡¡it¡¡imposed£»¡¡has¡¡gone¡¡further¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡

than¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡elsewhere£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡shortage¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡labor£»¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡handicap£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

annoyance¡¡in¡¡more¡¡fortunate¡¡countries£»¡¡is¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡dangers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Shortage¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡measured¡¡¡¡¡¡simply¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

the¡¡decreasing¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workmen¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡two¡¡workmen¡¡as¡¡long¡¡

to¡¡do¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡job¡¡in¡¡1920¡¡as¡¡it¡¡took¡¡one¡¡man¡¡to¡¡do¡¡it¡¡in¡¡1914£»¡¡then£»¡¡

even¡¡if¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡of¡¡workman¡¡has¡¡remained¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡supply¡¡

of¡¡labor¡¡has¡¡been¡¡halved¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡the¡¡situation¡¡is¡¡worse¡¡than¡¡that¡£¡¡

For¡¡example£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡group¡¡of¡¡State¡¡metal¡­working¡¡factories£»¡¡those£»¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡

which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡the¡¡weapon¡¡with¡¡which¡¡Russia¡¡is¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡cut¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡14¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡15¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



her¡¡way¡¡out¡¡of¡¡her¡¡transport¡¡difficulties£»¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡there¡¡were¡¡

in¡¡19l6¡¡81£»600¡¡workmen£»¡¡whereas¡¡in¡¡1920¡¡there¡¡are¡¡only¡¡42£»500£»¡¡labor¡¡has¡¡

deteriorated¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡appalling¡¡¡¡¡¡manner¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡1916¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡factories¡¡¡¡¡¡92¡¡

per¡¡cent¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nominal¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hours¡¡were¡¡actually¡¡kept£»¡¡in¡¡1920¡¡work¡¡

goes¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡60¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡¡¡¡¡cent¡£¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nominal¡¡¡¡¡¡hours¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡estimated¡¡

that¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡workman¡¡produces¡¡now¡¡only¡¡one¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡what¡¡

it¡¡¡¡¡¡produced¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡1916¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡

engaged¡¡in¡¡transport£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡of¡¡all¡¡work¡¡at¡¡the¡¡

present¡¡¡¡¡¡time£º¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Moscow¡¡¡¡¡¡junction¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Moscow¡¡¡¡¡¡Kazan¡¡¡¡¡¡Railway£»¡¡

between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡November¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1st¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡February¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29th¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨1920£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡292¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

clerks¡¡¡¡¡¡missed¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»048¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡days£»¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡absent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡average£»¡¡¡¡¡¡forty¡¡

days¡¡per¡¡man¡¡in¡¡the¡¡four¡¡months¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡Moscow¡¡passenger¡­station¡¡on¡¡this¡¡

line£»¡¡¡¡¡¡22¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡missed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡November¡¡¡¡¡¡106¡¡¡¡¡¡days£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡December¡¡¡¡¡¡273£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

January¡¡338£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡February¡¡380£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡appalling¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crescendo¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡wagon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡department£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡¡

workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡missed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡November¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡104¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡February¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡500¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡

November¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡absented¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡single¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡February¡¡

the¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡absent¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡month¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

invariable¡¡¡¡¡¡excuse¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡illness¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡¡¡cases¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡illness¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡undoubtedly¡¡

were£»¡¡since¡¡this¡¡period¡¡was¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡of¡¡the¡¡typhus¡¡epidemic£»¡¡but¡¡besides¡¡

illness£»¡¡and¡¡besides¡¡mere¡¡obvious¡¡idleness¡¡which¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡accounts¡¡for¡¡a¡¡

certain¡¡¡¡¡¡proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡illegitimate¡¡¡¡¡¡holidays£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡explanation¡¡

which¡¡goes¡¡nearer¡¡the¡¡root¡¡of¡¡the¡¡matter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡filched¡¡from¡¡

the¡¡State¡¡was¡¡in¡¡all¡¡probability¡¡spent¡¡in¡¡expeditions¡¡in¡¡search¡¡of¡¡food¡£¡¡In¡¡

Petrograd£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Council¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Economy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡complain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡a¡¡

tendency¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡turn¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡eight¡­hour¡¡¡¡day¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡four¡­hour¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Attempts¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡

being¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡arrest¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡tendency¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡making¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡additional¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡food¡¡

allowance¡¡conditional¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡fulfilment¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡days¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Donetz¡¡coal¡¡basin£»¡¡the¡¡monthly¡¡output¡¡per¡¡man¡¡was¡¡in¡¡1914¡¡750¡¡poods£»¡¡in¡¡

1916¡¡¡¡¡¡615¡¡¡¡¡¡poods£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1919¡¡¡¡¡¡240¡¡¡¡¡¡poods¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨figures¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡Ekaterinoslav¡¡

Government£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡1920¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡theoutput¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡estimated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡being¡¡

something¡¡near¡¡220¡¡poods¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡shale¡¡mines¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Volga£»¡¡where¡¡food¡¡

conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡comparatively¡¡¡¡¡¡good£»¡¡¡¡¡¡productivity¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡comparatively¡¡¡¡¡¡high¡£¡¡

Thus¡¡in¡¡a¡¡small¡¡mine¡¡near¡¡Simbirsk¡¡there¡¡are¡¡230¡¡workmen£»¡¡of'¡¡whom¡¡50¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡15¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡16¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



to¡¡60¡¡are¡¡skilled¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡output¡¡for¡¡the¡¡unskilled¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ