±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) >

µÚ2ÕÂ

the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú)-µÚ2ÕÂ

С˵£º the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡camps¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡armed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conflict¡¡

between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡non¡­revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡

between¡¡Capitalism¡¡and¡¡Communism£»¡¡is¡¡inevitable¡£¡¡These¡¡people£»¡¡in¡¡both¡¡

camps£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡doing¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡inevitable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Sturdy¡¡¡¡¡¡pessimists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

Moscow¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡in¡¡London¡¡and¡¡Paris£»¡¡they¡¡go¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡to¡¡say¡¡¡¨the¡¡

sooner¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡better£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡try¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡precipitate¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

conflict¡£¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡main¡¡effort¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡to¡­day£»¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡which¡¡absorbs¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chief¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Churchills¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Millerands¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡blind¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡else£»¡¡¡¡demand¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡5¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



pitched¡¡battle¡¡over¡¡the¡¡prostrate¡¡body¡¡of¡¡civilization£»¡¡is¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡finding¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡herself¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡crisis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡severity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡

hardly¡¡be¡¡realized¡¡by¡¡people¡¡who¡¡have¡¡not¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡country¡¡again¡¡and¡¡

again£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡bringing¡¡her¡¡as¡¡quickly¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡into¡¡a¡¡state¡¡in¡¡which¡¡she¡¡

can¡¡export¡¡her¡¡raw¡¡materials¡¡and¡¡import¡¡the¡¡manufactured¡¡goods¡¡of¡¡which¡¡

she¡¡stands¡¡in¡¡need¡£¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡this¡¡struggle¡¡is¡¡ours¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡Russia's£»¡¡

though¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡threat¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡imminent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡desperately¡¡

engaged¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Victory¡¡or¡¡defeat¡¡in¡¡this¡¡struggle¡¡in¡¡Russia£»¡¡or¡¡anywhere¡¡else¡¡on¡¡

the¡¡world's¡¡surface£»¡¡is¡¡victory¡¡or¡¡defeat¡¡for¡¡every¡¡one¡£¡¡The¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡my¡¡

book¡¡is¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡that¡¡clear¡£¡¡¡¡For£»¡¡bearing¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡mind£»¡¡I¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡think¡¡

that¡¡every¡¡honest¡¡man£»¡¡of¡¡whatever¡¡parity£»¡¡who¡¡cares¡¡more¡¡for¡¡humanity¡¡

than¡¡for¡¡politics£»¡¡must¡¡do¡¡his¡¡utmost¡¡to¡¡postpone¡¡the¡¡conflict¡¡which¡¡a¡¡few¡¡

extremists¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡barricades¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡fanatically¡¡¡¡¡¡desire¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

conflict¡¡is¡¡indeed¡¡inevitable£»¡¡its¡¡consequences¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡devastating¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe¡¡¡¡¡¡cured¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡wounds¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

Europe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡scarcely£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hopeful£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡described¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡

convalescent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡conflict¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡inevitable¡¡after¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡man¡¡

not¡¡¡¡¡¡purblind¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡sees¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡changing¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡

Capitalist¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡we¡¡succeed¡¡in¡¡postponing¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡long¡¡enough£»¡¡

we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡succeed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡postponing¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡until¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡­like¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡sides¡¡

look¡¡in¡¡vain¡¡for¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡of¡¡their¡¡bellicosity¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡6¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡SHORTAGE¡¡OF¡¡THINGS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nothing¡¡can¡¡be¡¡more¡¡futile¡¡than¡¡to¡¡describe¡¡conditions¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡as¡¡a¡¡

sort¡¡of¡¡divine¡¡punishment¡¡for¡¡revolution£»¡¡or¡¡indeed¡¡to¡¡describe¡¡them¡¡at¡¡all¡¡

without¡¡emphasizing¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡crisis¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡is¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crisis¡¡in¡¡

Europe£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡been¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡brought¡¡about¡¡like¡¡the¡¡revolution¡¡itself£»¡¡

by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡forces¡¡that¡¡have¡¡caused£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡the¡¡crisis¡¡in¡¡Germany¡¡or¡¡

the¡¡crisis¡¡in¡¡Austria¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡country¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡is¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡complete¡¡economic¡¡independence¡£¡¡

In¡¡¡¡¡¡spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡huge¡¡¡¡¡¡variety¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡resources£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡organism¡¡

seemed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1914¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡built¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡generous¡¡¡¡¡¡assumption¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

with¡¡Europe¡¡at¡¡least¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡permanently¡¡at¡¡peace£»¡¡or¡¡at¡¡the¡¡

lost¡¡to¡¡engage¡¡in¡¡military¡¡squabbles¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡reckoned¡¡in¡¡months£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡prestige¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡autocracy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡seriously¡¡

hampering¡¡imports¡¡and¡¡exports¡£¡¡Almost¡¡every¡¡country¡¡in¡¡Europe£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

exception¡¡of¡¡England£»¡¡was¡¡better¡¡fitted¡¡to¡¡stand¡¡alone£»¡¡was¡¡less¡¡completely¡¡

specialized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡single¡¡¡¡¡¡branch¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡production¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡England£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fortunately¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡

herself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡isolated¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡war£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡isolated¡¡

unless¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crisis¡¡abroad¡¡deprives¡¡her¡¡of¡¡her¡¡markets¡£¡¡

England¡¡¡¡¡¡produces¡¡¡¡¡¡practically¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡food£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡quantities¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡coal£»¡¡¡¡¡¡steel¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡manufactured¡¡¡¡¡¡goods¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Isolate¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡she¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡

starve£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡stop¡¡¡¡¡¡producing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡manufactured¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡goods£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡steel¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡coal£»¡¡

because¡¡those¡¡who¡¡usually¡¡produce¡¡these¡¡things¡¡will¡¡be¡¡getting¡¡nothing¡¡for¡¡

their¡¡labor¡¡except¡¡money¡¡which¡¡they¡¡will¡¡be¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡use¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡dinners£»¡¡

because¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡dinners¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡buy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡supposititious¡¡¡¡¡¡case¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

precise¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡parallel¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡happened¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡produced¡¡

practically¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡manufactured¡¡¡¡¡¡goods¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨70¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡¡¡¡¡cent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡machinery¡¡¡¡¡¡she¡¡

received¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡abroad£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡quantities¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡food¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡blockade¡¡

isolated¡¡her¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By¡¡the¡¡blockade¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡mean¡¡merely¡¡the¡¡childish¡¡stupidity¡¡

committed¡¡by¡¡ourselves£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡blockade£»¡¡steadily¡¡increasing¡¡in¡¡strictness£»¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡began¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡August£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1914£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡unnecessarily¡¡¡¡prolonged¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

our¡¡¡¡¡¡stupidity¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡war£»¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡nominally¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡7¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



blockade£»¡¡was¡¡so¡¡actually¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡use¡¡of¡¡tonnage¡¡was¡¡perforce¡¡restricted¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡transport¡¡of¡¡the¡¡necessaries¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡were¡¡narrowly¡¡defined¡¡as¡¡

shells£»¡¡¡¡¡¡guns¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡on£»¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡tend¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡improve¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡

economically£»¡¡but¡¡rather¡¡the¡¡reverse¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡imports¡¡from¡¡Sweden¡¡through¡¡

Finland¡¡were¡¡no¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡make¡­weight¡¡for¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡Poland¡¡and¡¡Germany¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡war¡¡meant¡¡that¡¡Russia's¡¡ordinary¡¡imports¡¡practically¡¡ceased¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡

meant¡¡a¡¡strain¡¡on¡¡Russia£»¡¡comparable¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡put¡¡

on¡¡England¡¡if¡¡the¡¡German¡¡submarine¡¡campaign¡¡had¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡putting¡¡

an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡our¡¡imports¡¡of¡¡food¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Americas¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡Declaration¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡Russia¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡one¡¡¡¨holding¡¡out£»¡¨¡¡of¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡city¡¡¡¡¡¡standing¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡siege¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡water¡¡¡¡¡¡supply£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡imports¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡

necessary¡¡to¡¡her¡¡economy¡¡that¡¡they¡¡may¡¡justly¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡essential¡¡

irrigation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡improvement£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

strengthening¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡She¡¡was¡¡faced¡¡with¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡until¡¡the¡¡war¡¡should¡¡end¡¡she¡¡

had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡she¡¡¡¡¡¡had£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡she¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡formerly¡¡

counted¡¡on¡¡importing¡¡would¡¡be¡¡replaced¡¡by¡¡guns¡¡and¡¡shells£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡used£»¡¡as¡¡

it¡¡turned¡¡out£»¡¡in¡¡battering¡¡Russian¡¡property¡¡that¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡enemy¡¡

hands¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡She¡¡even¡¡learned¡¡that¡¡she¡¡had¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡gun¡­making¡¡and¡¡shell¡­¡¡

making¡¡at¡¡home£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡those¡¡other¡¡industries¡¡which¡¡to¡¡some¡¡

small¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡extent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡helped¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡¡¡going¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

England¡¡such¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡would¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡a¡¡cessation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡output¡¡of¡¡

iron¡¡and¡¡coal¡¡in¡¡which¡¡England¡¡is¡¡rich£»¡¡so¡¡in¡¡Russia£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡her¡¡corn¡¡

lands£»¡¡it¡¡led¡¡to¡¡a¡¡shortage¡¡of¡¡food¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Russian¡¡peasant¡¡formerly¡¡produced¡¡food£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡paid¡¡

in¡¡money¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡that¡¡money£»¡¡formerly£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡clothe¡¡himself£»¡¡to¡¡

buy¡¡the¡¡tools¡¡of¡¡his¡¡labor£»¡¡and¡¡further£»¡¡though¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡he¡¡never¡¡observed¡¡

the¡¡fact£»¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡for¡¡the¡¡engines¡¡and¡¡wagons¡¡that¡¡took¡¡his¡¡food¡¡to¡¡market¡£¡¡

A¡¡¡¡huge¡¡¡¡¡¡percentage¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡clothes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡tools¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡engines¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

wagons¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rails¡¡came¡¡from¡¡abroad£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡those¡¡factories¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡producing¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡were£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡essentials£»¡¡

themselves¡¡dependent¡¡upon¡¡imports¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡towns¡¡began¡¡to¡¡be¡¡hungry¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡1915¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡October¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Empress¡¡¡¡¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ