±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) >

µÚ16ÕÂ

the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú)-µÚ16ÕÂ

С˵£º the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Conference¡¡at¡¡Moscow£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡was¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡call¡¡an¡¡All¡­¡¡

Russian¡¡Trades¡¡Union¡¡Congress¡£¡¡Reaction¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡made¡¡this¡¡impossible£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡small¡¡¡¡¡¡Conference¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

February£»¡¡1906£»¡¡which£»¡¡however£»¡¡defined¡¡their¡¡object¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡creating¡¡a¡¡

general¡¡¡¡¡¡Trade¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Movement¡¡¡¡¡¡organized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡­Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lines¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡

temper¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡¡then£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡at¡¡that¡¡

time£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡judged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡although¡¡they¡¡were¡¡merely¡¡working¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡strike£»¡¡¡¡¡¡etc¡££»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡passed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

following¡¡¡¡¡¡significant¡¡¡¡¡¡resolution£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Neither¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡

nor¡¡from¡¡the¡¡future¡¡State¡¡Duma¡¡can¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡realization¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡of¡¡

coalition¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Conference¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡considers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡legalization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡

Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

Conference¡¡was¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡twelve¡¡years¡¡after¡¡that¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡Trades¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡43¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡44¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



Unions¡¡Conferences¡¡in¡¡Russia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Not¡¡until¡¡June£»¡¡1917£»¡¡three¡¡months¡¡after¡¡

the¡¡March¡¡Revolution£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡third¡¡Trade¡¡Union¡¡Conference¡¡able¡¡to¡¡meet¡£¡¡

This¡¡¡¡¡¡Conference¡¡¡¡¡¡reaffirmed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡

Trades¡¡Unions¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡dominant¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡party¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviets¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Mensheviks£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡formation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Soviet¡¡Government£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡supporting¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡provisional¡¡¡¡¡¡Cabinet¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Kerensky¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡

Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡actually¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviets¡£¡¡

This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡Conference¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡passed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡several¡¡¡¡¡¡resolutions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡

enough¡¡that¡¡the¡¡present¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Unions¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡brought¡¡about¡¡

by¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡violence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Communists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡without£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡definitely¡¡

promised¡¡by¡¡tendencies¡¡inside¡¡the¡¡Unions¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Communists¡¡

were¡¡probably¡¡the¡¡least¡¡authoritative¡¡party¡¡in¡¡Russia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡Conference¡¡of¡¡

June£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1917£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡resolved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨remain¡¡

militant¡¡class¡¡organizations¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡but¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡should¡¡support¡¡the¡¡activities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Soviets¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡deputies¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡¡¡¡¡showed¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡

side¡¡they¡¡stood¡¡in¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡then¡¡proceeding¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡was¡¡this¡¡all¡£¡¡They¡¡

also£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡Mensheviks¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡party£»¡¡resolved¡¡on¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡internal¡¡¡¡¡¡organizations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡grouping£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

actually¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡realized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Communists¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡quote¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡again¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

resolution¡¡of¡¡this¡¡Conference£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡struggle¡¡demands¡¡from¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡

such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡professional¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as£»¡¡¡¡basing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡the¡¡

connection¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡groups¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡workers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

production£»¡¡should¡¡unite¡¡within¡¡a¡¡general¡¡organization£»¡¡and¡¡under¡¡general¡¡

leadership£»¡¡as¡¡large¡¡masses¡¡of¡¡workers¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡occupied¡¡in¡¡enterprises¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡kind£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡similar¡¡professions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡this¡¡object¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡

should¡¡organize¡¡themselves¡¡professionally£»¡¡not¡¡by¡¡shops¡¡or¡¡trades£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡

productions£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡of¡¡a¡¡given¡¡enterprise¡¡should¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡

one¡¡Union£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡they¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡different¡¡professions¡¡and¡¡even¡¡different¡¡

productions¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡design¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

accurate¡¡¡¡¡¡description¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Further£»¡¡

much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡surprises¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡foreign¡¡¡¡¡¡inquirer¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡planned¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

considered¡¡¡¡¡¡desirable¡¡¡¡¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Communists¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡won¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡majority¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡44¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡45¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



either¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Unions¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Soviet¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡this¡¡same¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡Conference¡¡

resolved¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡interests¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡efficiency¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡success¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

economic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡professional¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡built¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

principle¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡centralism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡assuring¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡member¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡share¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡and£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡obtaining¡¡unity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

leadership¡¡of¡¡the¡¡struggle¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Finally£»¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Unity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡£¨leadership£©¡¡of¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡struggle¡¡demands¡¡

unity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡exchequer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡point¡¡that¡¡I¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡make¡¡in¡¡thus¡¡illustrating¡¡the¡¡pre¡­Communist¡¡

tendencies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Russian¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡¡is¡¡not¡¡simply¡¡that¡¡if¡¡their¡¡present¡¡

position¡¡is¡¡undesirable¡¡they¡¡have¡¡only¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡thank¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡

in¡¡Russia¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Union¡¡movement¡¡before¡¡the¡¡October¡¡Revolution¡¡was¡¡

working¡¡in¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡revolution£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡events¡¡of¡¡October¡¡

represented¡¡¡¡¡¡something¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Trade¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡victory£»¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡

position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Unions¡¡as¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡defending¡¡that¡¡victory£»¡¡as¡¡

part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡government¡¡set¡¡up¡¡by¡¡that¡¡revolution£»¡¡is¡¡logical¡¡and¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡expected¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrated¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡resolutions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡

these¡¡give¡¡statements¡¡in¡¡words¡¡easily¡¡comparable¡¡with¡¡what¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡come¡¡to¡¡pass¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡equally¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡point¡¡to¡¡deeds¡¡instead¡¡

of¡¡words¡¡if¡¡we¡¡need¡¡more¡¡forcible¡¡though¡¡less¡¡accurate¡¡illustrations¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Moscow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviets£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡

Mensheviks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡represented¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡object¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡whip¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡support¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Coalition¡¡¡¡¡¡Government£©¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡

against¡¡strikes¡¡of¡¡protest¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡¡took¡¡a¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡nearer¡¡

that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bolsheviks£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡strikes¡¡in¡¡Moscow¡¡took¡¡place¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Soviets¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Kornilov¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡affair£»¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Mensheviks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡

struggling¡¡for¡¡coalition¡¡with¡¡the¡¡bourgeois¡¡parties£»¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡¡quite¡¡

definitely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡took¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Bolshevik¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡standpoint¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡so¡­called¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Democratic¡¡

Conference£»¡¡¡¡¡¡intended¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sort¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡belt¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sinking¡¡¡¡¡¡Provisional¡¡

Government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡eight¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡delegates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡voted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

continuance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coalition£»¡¡whereas¡¡seventy¡¡three¡¡voted¡¡against¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consciously¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡

shorter¡¡¡¡¡¡existence¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡distinguished¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡from£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡English¡¡

Trades¡¡Unions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡set¡¡their¡¡course¡¡for¡¡them¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡45¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡46¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡October£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1917£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡got¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

asking¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡March¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Since¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡

illustrated¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡and¡¡inevitable¡¡development¡¡of¡¡Trades¡¡Unions¡¡inside¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡States£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

attacked¡¡simultaneously¡¡by¡¡hostile¡¡armies¡¡from¡¡without¡¡and¡¡by¡¡economic¡¡

paralysis¡¡from¡¡within¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡excited¡¡and¡¡lighthearted¡¡Trades¡¡Unionists¡¡of¡¡

three¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ago£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡believed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡mere¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡decreeing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¨workers'¡¡

control¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡bring¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡automatically¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡end£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡

unrecognizable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡illusion¡¡after¡¡illusion¡¡scraped¡¡from¡¡them¡¡

by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pumice¡­stone¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡experience£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡appalling¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

industries¡¡which¡¡they¡¡now¡¡largely¡¡control£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ruin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡in¡¡

which¡¡they¡¡attained¡¡that¡¡control£»¡¡have¡¡forced¡¡them¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ