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377; 378。 〃An effort is made to accomplish the Revolution by terror。 I

would accomplish it through love。〃



'49' Maillan; 22。



'50'  Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 109。 Plan of a constitution presented by

Condorcet。 Declaration of rights; article 32。 〃In every free

government the mode of resistance to different acts of oppression

should be regulated by law。〃 … Ibid。; 136。 Title VIII。 Of the

Constitution 〃De la Censure des lois。〃



'51' Buchez et Roux; 93。 Session of the Jacobin Club; April 21; 1793。



'52' Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la révolution Fran?aise;〃 II。4 (Report of

Dutard; June 6; 1793。) … The mental traits of the Jacobins form a

contrast and are fully visible in the following speeches: 〃We desire

despotically  a popular constitution。〃 (Address of the Paris Jacobin

Club to the clubs in the departments; Jan。 7; 1793。) … Buchez et Roux;

XXIII。 288 … Ibid。; 274。 (Speech by Legros in the Jacobin Club; Jan。

1。) 〃Patriots are not counted; they go by weight。 。 。  One patriot in

a scale weights more than 100;000 aristocrats。 One Jacobin weights

more than 10;000 Feuillants。 One republican weights more than 100;000

monarchists。 One patriot of the Mountain weights more than 100;000

Brissotins。 Hence I conclude that the convention should not be stopped

by the large number of votes against the death…sentence of Louis XVI。;

(and that) even (if there should be) but a minority of the nation

desiring Capet's death。〃 … 〃Applauded。〃 (I am obliged to correct the

last sentence; as it would otherwise be obscure。)



'53' Buzot; 〃Mémoires;〃 33: 〃The majority of French people yearned

after royalty and the Constitution of 1790。 This was the strongest

feeling; and especially at Paris 。 。 This people is only republican

because it is threatened by the guillotine。 。   All its desires; all

its hopes incline to the constitution of 1791。〃…Schmidt; I。 232

(Dutard; May 16)。 Dutard; an old advocate and friend of Garat; is one

of those rare men who see facts behind words; clear…sighted;

energetic; active; abounding in practical counsels; and deserving of a

better chief than Garat。



'54' Schmidt; ibid。; I。 173; 179 (May 1; 1793)。



'55' 〃La Démagogie à en Paris en 1793;〃 p。152。 Dauban (〃Diurnal de

Beaulieu;〃 April 17)。 … 〃Archives Nationales;〃 AF II。 45 (report by

the police; May 20)。 〃The dearness of supplies is the leading cause of

agitation and complaints。〃  (Ib。; May 24)。 〃The calm which now

appear to prevail in Paris will soon be disturbed if the prices of the

prime necessities of life do not shortly diminish。〃   (Ibid。; May

25)。 〃Complaints against dear food increase daily end this

circumstance looks as if it might become one of the motives of

forthcoming events。



'56' Schmidt; I。 198 (Dutard; May 9)。



'57' Schmidt; I。 350; II。 6 (Dutard; May 30; June 7 and 8)。



'58' Durand…Maillane;100: 〃The Girondist party was yet more impious

than Robespierre。〃  A deputy having demanded that mention should be

made of the Supreme Being in the preamble of the constitution;

Vergniaud replied: 〃We have no more to do with Numa's nymph than with

Mahomet's pigeon; reason is sufficient to give France a good

constitution。〃  Buchez et Roux; XIII。 444。 Robespierre having spoken

of the Emperor Leopold's death as a stroke of Providence; Guadet

replies that he sees 〃no sense in that idea;〃 and blames Robespierre

for 〃endeavoring to return the people to slavery of superstition。〃 …

Ibid。; XXVI。 63 (session of April 19; 1793)。 Speech by Vergniaud

against article IX of the Declaration of Rights; which states that

〃all men are free to worship as they please。〃 This article; says

Vergniaud; 〃is a result of the despotism and superstition under which

we have so long languished。〃  Salle : 〃I ask the Convention to draw

up an article by which each citizen; whatever his form of worship;

shall bind himself to submit to the law 〃 … Lanjuinais; who often

ranked along with the Girondists; is a Catholic and confirmed

Gallican。



'59'  Schmidt; I。 347 (Dutard; May 30)。 〃What do I now behold? A

discontented people hating the Convention; all its administrators; and

the actual state of things generally。〃



'60' Schmidt; I。 278。 (Dutard; May 23)。



'61' Schmidt; I。 216 (Dutard; May 13)。



'62' Schmidt; I。 240 (Dutard; May 17)。



'63' Schmidt; I。 217 (Dutard; May 13)。



'64' Schmidt; I。 163 (Dutard; April 30)。



'65' Schmidt; II。 377 (Dutard; June 13)。 Cf。 Ibid。; II。 80。 (Dutard;

June 21):   〃If the guillotining of the Thirty…Two were subject to a

roll call; and the vote a secret one I declare to you no respectable

man would fail to hasten in from the country to give his vote and that

none of those now in Paris would fail to betake themselves to their

section。〃



'66' Schmidt; II。 35 (Dutard; June 13)。 On the sense of these two

words;  inferior aristocracy;  Cf。 All of Dutard's reports and those

of other observers in the employ of Garat。



'67'  Schmidt; II。 37 (Dutard; June 13)。



'68' Schmidt; I。 328 (Perrière; May 28): 〃Intelligent men and

property…owners abandoned the section assemblies and handed them to

others as these were places where the workman's fist prevailed against

the speaker's tongue。〃 … Moniteur。  XV。 114 (session of Jan。 11;

speech by Buzot)。 〃There is not a man in this town who owns anything;

that is not afraid of being insulted and struck in his section if he

dares raise his voice against the ruling power。 。 。 The permanent

assemblies of Paris consist of a small number of men who have

succeeded in keeping other citizens away。〃 … Schmidt; I。 235 (Dutard;

May 28): 〃Another plan would be to drill young men in the use of the

staff。 One must be a sans…culotte;  must live with sans…culottes;  to

discover the value of expedients of this kind。 There is nothing the

sans…culotte  fears as much as a truncheon。 A number of young men

lately carried them in their trousers; and everybody trembled as they

passed。 I wished that the fashion were general。〃



'69' Moniteur; XV。 95  (Letter of Charles Villette; deputy)。



'70' Moniteur; XV。 179 (Letter of Roland; Jan。 11。 1793)。



'71' Moniteur; XV。 66; session of Jan。 5; speech of the mayor of

Paris; (Chambon) … Ib。; XV 114; session of Jan。 14; speech by Buzot; …

… Ib。; XV。 136; session of Jan。 13。 Speech by a deputation of

Federates。 … Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。 91 (Letter of Gadolle to Roland;

October; 1792)。  XXI。 417 (Dec。 20; article by Marat): 〃 Boredom and

disgust have emptied the assemblies。   Schmidt; II; 69 (Dutard; June

18)。



'72' Schmidt; I。 203。 (Dutard; May 10)。 The engravings published

during the early period of the Revolution and under the directory

exhibit this scene perfectly (cabinet des estampes; Paris)。



'73' Moniteur;  XV。 67 (session of Jan。 5; 1793)。 Speech by the mayor

of Paris。



'74' Schmidt; I。 378 (Blanc; June 12)。



'75'  Schmidt; II。 5 (Dutard; June 5)。



'76' Schmidt; II。 (Dutard; June 11)  Ibid。; II。 (Dutard; June i8):

〃I should like to visit with you;〃 if it were possible; 〃the 3;000 or

4;000 wine…dealers; and the equally numerous places of refreshment in

Paris; you would find the 15;000 clerks they employ constantly busy。

If we should then go to the offices of the 114 notaries; we should

again find two…thirds of these gentlemen in their caps and red

slippers; also very much engaged。 We might then; again; go to the 200

or 300 printing establishments; where we should find 4;000 or 5;000

editors; compositors; clerks; and porters all conservatized because

they no longer earn what they did before; and some because they have

made a fortune。〃  The incompatibility between modern life and direct

democratic rule strikes one at every step; owing to modern life being

carried out under other conditions than those which characterized life

in ancient times。 For modern life these conditions are; the magnitude

of States; the division of labor; the suppression of slavery and the

requirements of personal comforts and

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