style-第9章
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language also to the bare rock of ascertained fact。 Metaphor； the poet's right…hand weapon； he despises； all that is tentative； individual； struck off at the urging of a mood； he disclaims and suspects。 Yet the very rewards that science promises have their parallel in the domain of letters。 The discovery of likeness in the midst of difference； and of difference in the midst of likeness； is the keenest pleasure of the intellect； and literary expression； as has been said； is one long series of such discoveries； each with its thrill of incommunicable happiness； all unprecedented； and perhaps unverifiable by later experiment。 The finest instrument of these discoveries is metaphor； the spectroscope of letters。
Enough has been said of change； it remains to speak of one more of those illusions of fixity wherein writers seek exemption from the general lot。 Language； it has been shown； is to be fitted to thought； and； further； there are no synonyms。 What more natural conclusion could be drawn by the enthusiasm of the artist than that there is some kind of preordained harmony between words and things； whereby expression and thought tally exactly； like the halves of a puzzle？ This illusion； called in France the doctrine of the MOT PROPRE； is a will o' the wisp which has kept many an artist dancing on its trail。 That there is one； and only one way of expressing one thing has been the belief of other writers besides Gustave Flaubert； inspiriting them to a desperate and fruitful industry。 It is an amiable fancy； like the dream of Michael Angelo； who loved to imagine that the statue existed already in the block of marble； and had only to be stripped of its superfluous wrappings； or like the indolent fallacy of those economic soothsayers to whom Malthus brought rough awakening； that population and the means of subsistence move side by side in harmonious progress。 But hunger does not imply food； and there may hover in the restless heads of poets； as themselves testify …
One thought； one grace； one wonder； at the least； Which into words no virtue can digest。
Matter and form are not so separable as the popular philosophy would have them； indeed； the very antithesis between them is a cardinal instance of how language reacts on thought； modifying and fixing a cloudy truth。 The idea pursues form not only that it may be known to others； but that it may know itself； and the body in which it becomes incarnate is not to be distinguished from the informing soul。 It is recorded of a famous Latin historian how he declared that he would have made Pompey win the battle of Pharsalia had the effective turn of the sentence required it。 He may stand for the true type of the literary artist。 The business of letters； howsoever simple it may seem to those who think truth…telling a gift of nature； is in reality two…fold； to find words for a meaning； and to find a meaning for words。 Now it is the words that refuse to yield； and now the meaning； so that he who attempts to wed them is at the same time altering his words to suit his meaning； and modifying and shaping his meaning to satisfy the requirements of his words。 The humblest processes of thought have had their first education from language long before they took shape in literature。 So subtle is the connexion between the two that it is equally possible to call language the form given to the matter of thought； or； inverting the application of the figure； to speak of thought as the formal principle that shapes the raw material of language。 It is not until the two become one that they can be known for two。 The idea to be expressed is a kind of mutual recognition between thought and language； which here meet and claim each other for the first time； just as in the first glance exchanged by lovers； the unborn child opens its eyes on the world； and pleads for life。 But thought； although it may indulge itself with the fancy of a predestined affiance； is not confined to one mate； but roves free and is the father of many children。 A belief in the inevitable word is the last refuge of that stubborn mechanical theory of the universe which has been slowly driven from science； politics； and history。 Amidst so much that is undulating； it has pleased writers to imagine that truth persists and is provided by heavenly munificence with an imperishable garb of language。 But this also is vanity； there is one end appointed alike to all； fact goes the way of fiction； and what is known is no more perdurable than what is made。 Not words nor works； but only that which is formless endures； the vitality that is another name for change； the breath that fills and shatters the bubbles of good and evil； of beauty and deformity； of truth and untruth。
No art is easy； least of all the art of letters。 Apply the musical analogy once more to the instrument whereon literature performs its voluntaries。 With a living keyboard of notes which are all incessantly changing in value； so that what rang true under Dr。 Johnson's hand may sound flat or sharp now； with a range of a myriad strings； some falling mute and others being added from day to day； with numberless permutations and combinations； each of which alters the tone and pitch of the units that compose it； with fluid ideas that never have an outlined existence until they have found their phrases and the improvisation is complete； is it to be wondered at that the art of style is eternally elusive； and that the attempt to reduce it to rule is the forlorn hope of academic infatuation？
These difficulties and complexities of the instrument are； nevertheless； the least part of the ordeal that is to be undergone by the writer。 The same musical note or phrase affects different ears in much the same way； not so the word or group of words。 The pure idea； let us say； is translated into language by the literary composer； who is to be responsible for the retranslation of the language into idea？ Here begins the story of the troubles and weaknesses that are imposed upon literature by the necessity it lies under of addressing itself to an audience； by its liability to anticipate the corruptions that mar the understanding of the spoken or written word。 A word is the operative symbol of a relation between two minds； and is chosen by the one not without regard to the quality of the effect actually produced upon the other。 Men must be spoken to in their accustomed tongue； and persuaded that the unknown God proclaimed by the poet is one whom aforetime they ignorantly worshipped。 The relation of great authors to the public may be compared to the war of the sexes； a quiet watchful antagonism between two parties mutually indispensable to each other； at one time veiling itself in endearments； at another breaking out into open defiance。 He who has a message to deliver must wrestle with his fellows before he shall be permitted to ply them with uncomfortable or unfamiliar truths。 The public； like the delicate Greek Narcissus； is sleepily enamoured of itself； and the name of its only other perfect lover is Echo。 Yet even great authors must lay their account with the public； and it is instructive to observe how different are the attitudes they have adopted； how uniform the disappointment they have felt。 Some； like Browning and Mr。 Meredith in our own day； trouble themselves little about the reception given to their work； but are content to say on； until the few who care to listen have expounded them to the many； and they are applauded； in the end； by a generation whom they have trained to appreciate them。 Yet this noble and persevering indifference is none of their choice； and long years of absolution from criticism must needs be paid for in faults of style。 〃Writing for the stage；〃 Mr。 Meredith himself has remarked； 〃would be a corrective of a too…incrusted scholarly style into which some great ones fall at times。〃 Denied such a corrective； the great one is apt to sit alone and tease his meditations into strange shapes； fortifying himself against obscurity and neglect with the reflection that most of the words he uses are to be found； after all； in the dictionary。 It is not； however； from the secluded scholar that the sharpest cry of pain is wrung by the indignities of his pos
