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第45章

how to tell children stories(如何给孩子讲故事)-第45章


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                HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL 



where the oxen had eaten; and wrapped the baby in swaddling clothes; and 

laid Him in the manger; for a bed! 

     That same night; on the hills outside the town; there were shepherds; 

keeping their flocks through the darkness。 They were tired with watching 

over the sheep; and they stood or sat about; drowsily; talking and watching 

the stars。 And as they watched; behold; an angel of the Lord appeared unto 

them! And the glory of the Lord shone round about them! And they were 

sore afraid。 But the angel said unto them; 〃Fear not; for behold I bring you 

good tidings of great joy; which shall be to all people。 For unto you is born; 

this day; in the city of David; a saviour;which is Christ the Lord。 And this 

shall   be   a   sign   unto   you:   ye   shall   find   the   babe;   wrapped   in   swaddling 

clothes; lying in a manger。〃 

     And   suddenly   there   was   with   the   angel   a   multitude   of   the   heavenly 

host; praising God; and saying; 〃Glory to God in the highest; and on earth 

peace; good will toward men。〃 

     When the angels were gone up from them into heaven; the shepherds 

said   to   one   another;   〃Let   us   now   go   even   unto   Bethlehem;   and   see   this 

thing which is come to pass; which the Lord hath made known unto us。〃 

And they came; with haste; and they found Mary; and Joseph; and the babe 

lying in a manger。 And when they saw Him in the manger; they knew that 

the wonderful thing the angel said had really happened; and that the great 

deliverer was born at last。 



      THE CHILD…MIND; AND HOW TO SATISFY IT 



       〃It  is  the   grown    people    who    make     the   nursery    stories;〃  wrote 

Stevenson; 〃all the children do is jealously to preserve the text。〃 And the 

grown   person;   whether   he   makes   his   stories   with   pen   or   with   tongue; 

should bring two qualities at least to the worksimplicity of language and 

a  serious   sincerity。 The   reason   for   the   simplicity  is   obvious;  for   no   one; 

child or otherwise; can thoroughly enjoy a story clouded by words which 

convey no meaning to him。 

     The second quality is less obvious but equally necessary。 No absence 



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of fun is intended by the words 〃serious sincerity;〃 but they mean that the 

story…teller should bring to the child an equal interest in what is about to 

be   told;   an   honest   acceptance;   for   the   time   being;   of   the   fairies;   or   the 

heroes;   or   the   children;   or   the   animals   who   talk;   with   which   the   tale   is 

concerned。 The child deserves this equality of standpoint; and without it 

there can be no entire success。 

     As for the stories themselves; the difficulty lies with the material; not 

with the CHILD。 Styles may be varied generously; but the matter must be 

quarried for。 Out of a hundred children's books it is more than likely that 

ninety…nine will be useless; yet perhaps out of one autobiography may be 

gleaned   an   anecdote;   or   a   reminiscence   which   can   be   amplified   into   an 

absorbing   tale。 Almost   every  story…teller   will find that   the open eye   and 

ear will serve him better than much arduous searching。 No one book will 

yield    him    the  increase    to  his   repertoire    which    will  come     to  him    by 

listening;     by  browsing      in  chance     volumes     and    magazines;      and   even 

newspapers; by observing everyday life; and in all remembering his own 

youth; and his youthful; waiting audience。 

     And that youthful audience? A rather too common mistake is made in 

allowing overmuch for the creative imagination of the normal child。 It is 

not creative imagination which the normal child possesses so much as an 

enormous   credulity  and   no   limitations。   If   we   consider   for   a   moment   we 

see that there has been little or nothing to limit things for him; therefore 

anything is possible。 It is the years of our life as they come which narrow 

our fancies and set a bound to our beliefs; for experience has taught us that 

for the most part a certain cause will produce a certain effect。 The child; 

on   the   contrary;   has   but   little   knowledge   of   causes;   and   as   yet   but   an 

imperfect realisation of effects。 If we; for instance; go into the midst of a 

savage country; we know that there is the chance of our meeting a savage。 

But to the young child it is quite as possible to meet a Red Indian coming 

round the bend of the brook at the bottom of the orchard; as it is to meet 

him in his own wigwam。 

     The child is an adept at make…believe; but his make…believes are; as a 

rule;   practical   and   serious。   It   is   credulity   rather   than   imagination   which 

helps him。 He takes the tales he has been TOLD; the facts he has observed; 



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and   for   the   most   part   reproduces   them   to   the   best   of   his   ability。   And 

〃nothing;〃 as Stevenson says; 〃can stagger a child's faith; he accepts the 

clumsiest substitutes and can swallow the most staring incongruities。 The 

chair     he   has   just  been    besieging      as  a   castle   is  taken    away     for   the 

accommodation   of   a   morning   visitor   and   he   is   nothing   abashed;   he   can 

skirmish   by   the   hour   with   a   stationary   coal…scuttle;   in   the   midst   of   the 

enchanted   pleasuance   he   can   see;   without   sensible   shock;   the   gardener 

soberly digging potatoes for the day's dinner。〃 

     The   child;   in   fact;   is   neither   undeveloped   〃grown…up〃   nor   unspoiled 

angel。   Perhaps   he   has   a   dash   of   both;   but   most   of   all   he   is   akin   to   the 

grown person who dreams。 With the dreamer and with the child there is 

that   unquestioning   acceptance   of   circumstances   as   they   arise;   however 

unusual      and   disconcerting       they   may    be。   In  dreams     the   wildest;    most 

improbable and fantastic things happen; but they are not so to the dreamer。 

The veriest cynic amongst us must take his dreams seriously and without a 

sneer; whether he is forced to leap from the edge of a precipice; whether 

he finds himself utterly incapable of packing his trunk in time for the train; 

whether   in   spite   of   his   distress   at   the   impropriety;   he   finds   himself   at   a 

dinner… party minus his collar; or whether the riches of El Dorado are laid 

at   his   feet。   For   him   at   the   time   it   is   all   quite   real   and   harassingly   or 

splendidly important。 

     To the child and to the dreamer all things are possible; frogs may talk; 

bears may be turned into princes; gallant tailors may overcome giants; fir… 

trees may be filled with ambitions。 A chair may become a horse; a chest of 

drawers a coach and six; a hearthrug a battlefield; a newspaper a crown of 

gold。 And these are facts which the story…teller must realise; and choose 

and shape the stories accordingly。 

     Many an old book; which to a modern grown person may seem prim 

and over…rigid; will be to the child a delight; for him the primness and the 

severity   slip   away;   the   story   remains。   Such   a   book   as   Mrs   Sherwood's 

Fairchild Family is an example of this。 To a grown person reading it for 

the   first   time;   the   loafing   propensities   of   the   immaculate   Mrs   Fairchild; 

who never does a hand's turn of good work for anyone from cover to cover; 

the hard piety; the snobbishness; the brutality of taking th

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