01-fate-第1章
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THE CONDUCT OF LIFE
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
I
FATE
Delicate omens traced in air
To the lone bard true witness bare;
Birds with auguries on their wings
Chanted undeceiving things
Him to beckon; him to warn;
Well might then the poet scorn
To learn of scribe or courier
Hints writ in vaster character;
And on his mind; at dawn of day;
Soft shadows of the evening lay。
For the prevision is allied
Unto the thing so signified;
Or say; the foresight that awaits
Is the same Genius that creates。
_Fate_
It chanced during one winter; a few years ago; that our cities
wsing the theory of the Age。 By an odd coincidence; four or five
noted men were each reading a discourse to the citizens of Boston or
New York; on the Spirit of the Times。 It so happened that the
subject had the same prominence in some remarkable pamphlets and
journals issued in London in the same season。 To me; however; the
question of the times resolved itself into a practical question of
the conduct of life。 How shall I live? We are incompetent to solve
the times。 Our geometry cannot span the huge orbits of the
prevailing ideas; behold their return; and reconcile their
opposition。 We can only obey our own polarity。 'Tis fine for us to
speculate and elect our course; if we must accept an irresistible
dictation。
In our first steps to gain our wishes; we come upon immovable
limitations。 We are fired with the hope to reform men。 After many
experiments; we find that we must begin earlier; at school。 But
the boys and girls are not docile; we can make nothing of them。 We
decide that they are not of good stock。 We must begin our reform
earlier still; at generation: that is to say; there is Fate; or
laws of the world。
But if there be irresistible dictation; this dictation
understands itself。 If we must accept Fate; we are not less
compelled to affirm liberty; the significance of the individual; the
grandeur of duty; the power of character。 This is true; and that
other is true。 But our geometry cannot span these extreme points;
and reconcile them。 What to do? By obeying each thought frankly; by
harping; or; if you will; pounding on each string; we learn at last
its power。 By the same obedience to other thoughts; we learn theirs;
and then comes some reasonable hope of harmonizing them。 We are
sure; that; though we know not how; necessity does comport with
liberty; the individual with the world; my polarity with the spirit
of the times。 The riddle of the age has for each a private solution。
If one would study his own time; it must be by this method of taking
up in turn each of the leading topics which belong to our scheme of
human life; and; by firmly stating all that is agreeable to
experience on one; and doing the same justice to the opposing facts
in the others; the true limitations will appear。 Any excess of
emphasis; on one part; would be corrected; and a just balance would
be made。
But let us honestly state the facts。 Our America has a bad
name for superficialness。 Great men; great nations; have not been
boasters and buffoons; but perceivers of the terror of life; and have
manned themselves to face it。 The Spartan; embodying his religion in
his country; dies before its majesty without a question。 The Turk;
who believes his doom is written on the iron leaf in the moment when
he entered the world; rushes on the enemy's sabre with undivided
will。 The Turk; the Arab; the Persian; accepts the foreordained
fate。
〃On two days; it steads not to run from thy grave;
The appointed; and the unappointed day;
On the first; neither balm nor physician can save;
Nor thee; on the second; the Universe slay。〃
The Hindoo; under the wheel; is as firm。 Our Calvinists; in
the last generation; had something of the same dignity。 They felt
that the weight of the Universe held them down to their place。 What
could _they_ do? Wise men feel that there is something which cannot
be talked or voted away; a strap or belt which girds the world。
〃The Destiny; minister general;
That executeth in the world o'er all;
The purveyance which God hath seen beforne;
So strong it is; that tho' the world had sworn
The contrary of a thing by yea or nay;
Yet sometime it shall fallen on a day
That falleth not oft in a thousand year;
For; certainly; our appetites here;
Be it of war; or peace; or hate; or love;
All this is ruled by the sight above。〃
Chaucer: _The Knighte's Tale。_
The Greek Tragedy expressed the same sense: 〃Whatever is fated;
that will take place。 The great immense mind of Jove is not to be
transgressed。〃
Savages cling to a local god of one tribe or town。 The broad
ethics of Jesus were quickly narrowed to village theologies; which
preach an election or favoritism。 And; now and then; an amiable
parson; like Jung Stilling; or Robert Huntington; believes in a
pistareen…Providence; which; whenever the good man wants a dinner;
makes that somebody shall knock at his door; and leave a half…dollar。
But Nature is no sentimentalist; does not cosset or pamper us。 We
must see that the world is rough and surly; and will not mind
drowning a man or a woman; but swallows your ship like a grain of
dust。 The cold; inconsiderate of persons; tingles your blood;
benumbs your feet; freezes a man like an apple。 The diseases; the
elements; fortune; gravity; lightning; respect no persons。 The way
of Providence is a little rude。 The habit of snake and spider; the
snap of the tiger and other leapers and bloody jumpers; the crackle
of the bones of his prey in the coil of the anaconda; these are in
the system; and our habits are like theirs。 You have just dined;
and; however scrupulously the slaughter…house is concealed in the
graceful distance of miles; there is complicity; expensive races;
race living at the expense of race。 The planet is liable to
shocks from comets; perturbations from planets; rendings from
earthquake and volcano; alterations of climate; precessions of
equinoxes。 Rivers dry up by opening of the forest。 The sea changes
its bed。 Towns and counties fall into it。 At Lisbon; an earthquake
killed men like flies。 At Naples; three years ago; ten thousand
persons were crushed in a few minutes。 The scurvy at sea; the sword
of the climate in the west of Africa; at Cayenne; at Panama; at New
Orleans; cut off men like a massacre。 Our western prairie shakes
with fever and ague。 The cholera; the small…pox; have proved as
mortal to some tribes; as a frost to the crickets; which; having
filled the summer with noise; are silenced by a fall of the
temperature of one night。 Without uncovering what does not concern
us; or counting how many species of parasites hang on a bombyx; or
groping after intestinal parasites; or infusory biters; or the
obscurities of alternate generation; the forms of the shark; the
_labrus_; the jaw of the sea…wolf paved with crushing teeth; the
weapons of the grampus; and other warriors hidden in the sea; are
hints of ferocity in the interiors of nature。 Let us not deny it up
and down。 Providence has a wild; rough; incalculable road to its
end; and it is of no use to try to whitewash its huge; mixed
instrumentalities; or to dress up that terrific benefactor in a clean
shirt and white neckcloth of a student in divinity。
Will you say; the disasters which threaten mankind are
exceptional; and one need not lay his account for cataclysms every
day? Aye; but what happens once; may happen again; and so long as
these strokes are not to be parried by us