±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä) >

µÚ33ÕÂ

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)-µÚ33ÕÂ

С˵£º the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡in¡¡practice£º¡¡four¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡florins¡¡was¡¡the¡¡

maximum¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡dominance¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Arabians¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡striking¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡1467£»¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡lectures¡¡

were¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Almansor¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Rhazes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡catalogue¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Ferrari's¡¡library¡¡more¡¡than¡¡one¡¡half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡books¡¡are¡¡Arabian¡¡commentaries¡¡

on¡¡Greek¡¡medicine¡£¡¡Still¡¡more¡¡striking¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡their¡¡influence¡¡is¡¡found¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡text¡­book¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Ferrari£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡printed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1471¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

circulated¡¡earlier¡¡in¡¡MS¡£¡¡In¡¡it¡¡Avicenna¡¡is¡¡quoted¡¡more¡¡than¡¡3000¡¡times£»¡¡

Rhazes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Galen¡¡¡¡¡¡1000£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡140¡¡¡¡¡¡times¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Professor¡¡¡¡¡¡Ferrari¡¡

was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡who¡¡played¡¡an¡¡important¡¡role¡¡in¡¡the¡¡university£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡a¡¡large¡¡

consultation¡¡practice¡£¡¡You¡¡will¡¡be¡¡interested¡¡to¡¡know¡¡what¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡advice¡¡

he¡¡¡¡¡¡gave¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡cases¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡record¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡elaborate¡¡¡¡¡¡consultation¡¡

written¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡hand£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡gather¡¡what¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡formidable¡¡

thing¡¡it¡¡was¡¡to¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mediaeval¡¡physician¡£¡¡Signor¡¡John¡¡de¡¡

Calabria¡¡had¡¡a¡¡digestive¡¡weakness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stomach£»¡¡and¡¡rheumatic¡¡cerebral¡¡

disease£»¡¡¡¡¡¡combined¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡superfluous¡¡¡¡¡¡heat¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡dryness¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡liver¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

multiplication¡¡of¡¡choler¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡first¡¡an¡¡elaborate¡¡discussion¡¡on¡¡diet¡¡and¡¡

general¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡then¡¡he¡¡proceeds¡¡to¡¡draw¡¡up¡¡certain¡¡light¡¡medicines¡¡

as¡¡a¡¡supplement£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡must¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡an¡¡extensive¡¡apothecary's¡¡shop¡¡to¡¡

turn¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡twenty¡­two¡¡¡¡¡¡prescriptions¡¡¡¡¡¡designed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡meet¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡

contingency¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡early¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡universities¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

procure¡¡good¡¡MSS¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Paris¡¡Faculty£»¡¡the¡¡records¡¡of¡¡which¡¡are¡¡the¡¡most¡¡

complete¡¡in¡¡Europe£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡inventory¡¡for¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1395¡¡which¡¡gives¡¡a¡¡

list¡¡of¡¡twelve¡¡volumes£»¡¡nearly¡¡all¡¡by¡¡Arabian¡¡authors¡££§25£§¡¡Franklin¡¡gives¡¡

an¡¡interesting¡¡incident¡¡illustrating¡¡the¡¡rarity¡¡of¡¡medical¡¡MSS¡£¡¡at¡¡this¡¡period¡£¡¡

Louis¡¡¡¡¡¡XI£»¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡worried¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡health£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡anxious¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

library¡¡the¡¡works¡¡of¡¡Rhazes¡£¡¡The¡¡only¡¡copy¡¡available¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡library¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡medical¡¡school¡£¡¡The¡¡manuscript¡¡was¡¡lent£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡excellent¡¡security£»¡¡and¡¡

it¡¡is¡¡nice¡¡to¡¡know¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡returned¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§25£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Franklin£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Recherches¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sur¡¡¡¡¡¡la¡¡¡¡Bibliotheque¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡de¡¡¡¡¡¡la¡¡¡¡¡¡Faculte¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡de¡¡

Medecine¡¡de¡¡Paris£»¡¡1864¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡94¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡95¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡special¡¡advantages¡¡that¡¡Montpellier¡¡had¡¡over¡¡

Paris¡¡was¡¡its¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡so¡¡many¡¡important¡¡MSS¡££»¡¡particularly¡¡those¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡Arabian¡¡writers¡£¡¡Many¡¡¡¨Compendia¡¨¡¡were¡¡written¡¡containing¡¡extracts¡¡

from¡¡various¡¡writers£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡these¡¡were¡¡extensively¡¡copied¡¡and¡¡lent¡¡

or¡¡sold¡¡to¡¡students¡£¡¡At¡¡Bologna¡¡and¡¡Padua£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡regulations¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

price¡¡of¡¡these¡¡MSS¡£¡¡The¡¡university¡¡controlled¡¡the¡¡production¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡

stationers¡¡were¡¡liable¡¡to¡¡fines¡¡for¡¡inaccurate¡¡copies¡£¡¡The¡¡trade¡¡must¡¡have¡¡

been¡¡extensive¡¡in¡¡those¡¡early¡¡days£»¡¡as¡¡Rashdall¡¡mentions¡¡that¡¡in¡¡1323¡¡there¡¡

were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡twenty¡­eight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sworn¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡booksellers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Paris£»¡¡¡¡¡¡besides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡keepers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

bookstalls¡¡in¡¡the¡¡open¡¡air¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MEDIAEVAL¡¡PRACTICE¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡Greek¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡four¡¡humors¡¡colored¡¡all¡¡the¡¡conceptions¡¡of¡¡

disease£»¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡harmony¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡thought¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡health¡¡¡¡¡¡depended¡£¡¡

The¡¡¡¡¡¡four¡¡¡¡¡¡temperaments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sanguine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡phlegmatic£»¡¡¡¡¡¡bilious¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡melancholic£»¡¡

corresponded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡prevalence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡humors¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡

composed¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡so¡­called¡¡¡¨naturals£»¡¨¡¡seven¡¡in¡¡number¡¡the¡¡elements£»¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡temperaments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡humors£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡parts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡virtues¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡

faculties£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡operations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡functions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spirits¡£¡¡¡¡Certain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨non¡­¡¡

naturals£»¡¨¡¡nine¡¡in¡¡number£»¡¡preserved¡¡the¡¡health¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡viz¡££©¡¡air£»¡¡food¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡drink£»¡¡¡¡¡¡movement¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡repose£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sleeping¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡waking£»¡¡¡¡¡¡excretion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

retention£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡passions¡£¡¡Disease¡¡was¡¡due¡¡usually¡¡to¡¡alterations¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

composition¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡humors£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡indications¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡treatment¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

accordance¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡doctrines¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡evacuated£»¡¡¡¡¡¡tenuated£»¡¡

cooled£»¡¡¡¡¡¡heated£»¡¡¡¡¡¡purged¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡strengthened¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡humoral¡¡¡¡¡¡doctrine¡¡¡¡¡¡prevailed¡¡

throughout¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages£»¡¡and¡¡reached¡¡far¡¡into¡¡modern¡¡timesindeed£»¡¡

echoes¡¡of¡¡it¡¡are¡¡still¡¡to¡¡be¡¡heard¡¡in¡¡popular¡¡conversations¡¡on¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡

disease¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Arabians¡¡were¡¡famous¡¡for¡¡their¡¡vigor¡¡and¡¡resource¡¡in¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡

treatment¡£¡¡Bleeding¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡resort¡¡in¡¡a¡¡large¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡all¡¡diseases¡£¡¡

In¡¡the¡¡¡¨Practice¡¨¡¡of¡¡Ferrari¡¡there¡¡is¡¡scarcely¡¡a¡¡malady¡¡for¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡

recommended¡£¡¡All¡¡remedies¡¡were¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡regulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡six¡¡non¡­¡¡

naturals£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡preserved¡¡¡¡¡¡health£»¡¡¡¡¡¡cured¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡disease¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

opposite¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡popular¡¡¡¡¡¡medicines¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡derived¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡vegetable¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡95¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡96¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



kingdom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡recommended¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Galen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

were£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡are£»¡¡called¡¡by¡¡his¡¡name¡£¡¡Many¡¡important¡¡mineral¡¡medicines¡¡

were¡¡introduced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Arabians£»¡¡particularly¡¡mercury£»¡¡antimony£»¡¡iron£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡

There¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡addition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡scores¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡substances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡parts¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡products¡¡¡¡of¡¡

animals£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡harmless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡salutary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡again¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡useless¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

disgusting¡£¡¡Minor¡¡surgery¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡barbers£»¡¡who¡¡performed¡¡

all¡¡the¡¡minor¡¡operations£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡bleeding£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡important¡¡operations£»¡¡

few¡¡in¡¡number£»¡¡were¡¡performed¡¡by¡¡surgeons¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ASTROLOGY¡¡AND¡¡DIVINATION¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡AT¡¡this¡¡period¡¡astrology£»¡¡which¡¡included¡¡astronomy£»¡¡was¡¡everywhere¡¡

taught¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Gouernaunce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Prynces£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡Pryvete¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Pryveties£»¡¨¡¡

translated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡James¡¡¡¡¡¡Yonge£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1422£»£§26£§¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡occurs¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡statement£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨As¡¡

Galian¡¡the¡¡lull¡¡wies¡¡leche¡¡Saith¡¡and¡¡Isoder¡¡the¡¡Gode¡¡clerk£»¡¡hit¡¡witnessith¡¡

that¡¡a¡¡man¡¡may¡¡not¡¡perfitely¡¡can¡¡the¡¡sciens¡¡and¡¡craft¡¡of¡¡Medissin¡¡but¡¡yef¡¡

he¡¡be¡¡an¡¡astronomoure¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§26£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Early¡¡¡¡¡¡English¡¡¡¡¡¡Text¡¡¡¡¡¡Society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Extra¡¡¡¡¡¡Series£»¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡LXXIV£»¡¡¡¡¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡195£»¡¡

1898£»¡¡Secreta¡¡Secretorum£»¡¡Rawl¡£¡¡MS¡£¡¡B¡££»¡¡490¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡how¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡astrology¡¡spread¡¡from¡¡Babylonia¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡Greece¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡¡¡¡¡Empire¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡carried¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Middle¡¡¡¡¡¡Ages¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡active¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡aggressive¡¡¡¡¡¡cult£»¡¡¡¡¡¡looked¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡askance¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡

times¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Church£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡countenanced¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡courts£»¡¡¡¡encouraged¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡the¡¡

universities£»¡¡and¡¡always¡¡by¡¡the¡¡public¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡curriculum¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mediaeval¡¡

university£»¡¡¡¡¡¡astronomy¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡music£»¡¡¡¡¡¡arithmetic¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡geometry¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Quadrivium¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡early¡¡¡¡faculties£»¡¡¡¡¡¡astronomy¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡astrology¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡

separate£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡Bologna£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡early¡¡fourteenth¡¡century£»¡¡we¡¡meet¡¡with¡¡a¡¡

professorship¡¡of¡¡astrology¡££§27£§¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡duties¡¡of¡¡this¡¡salaried¡¡professor£»¡¡

was¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡¡¨judgements¡¨¡¡gratis¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡enquiring¡¡students£»¡¡a¡¡

treacherous¡¡and¡¡delicate¡¡assignment£»¡¡as¡¡that¡¡most¡¡distinguished¡¡occupant¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡chair¡¡at¡¡Bologna£»¡¡Cecco¡¡d'Ascoli£»¡¡found¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡burned¡¡at¡¡the¡¡

stake¡¡in¡¡1357£»¡¡a¡¡victim¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Florentine¡¡Inquisition¡££§28£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§27£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Rashdall£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Universities¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Middle¡¡Ages£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Vol¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I£»¡¡¡¡¡¡p¡£¡¡

240¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§28£§¡¡Rashdall£»¡¡l¡£c¡££»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡I£»¡¡p¡£¡¡244¡£Rashdall¡¡also¡¡mentions¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡96¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡97¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



sixteenth¡¡century¡¡at¡¡Oxford¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡instance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡scholar¡¡admitted¡¡to¡¡

practice¡¡astrology¡£¡¡l¡£c¡££»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡II£»¡¡p¡£¡¡458¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Roger¡¡Bacon¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡a¡¡warm¡¡be

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ