the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)-µÚ23ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
once¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡increased¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡rapidity¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡irregular¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡On¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡next¡¡¡¡¡¡day¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡64¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡65¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
arranged¡¡that¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡another¡¡actor£»¡¡Morphus£»¡¡should¡¡be¡¡mentioned£»¡¡
and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡third¡¡day¡¡the¡¡experiment¡¡was¡¡repeated¡¡but¡¡without¡¡effect¡£¡¡Then¡¡
on¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡evening¡¡it¡¡was¡¡again¡¡mentioned¡¡that¡¡Pylades¡¡was¡¡dancing£»¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pulse¡¡quickened¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡irregular£»¡¡¡¡so¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡concluded¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡she¡¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡love¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡Pylades¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡tells¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡treat¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Emperor¡¡Marcus¡¡Aurelius£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡a¡¡stomach¡ache¡¡after¡¡eating¡¡too¡¡much¡¡
cheese¡£¡¡He¡¡treated¡¡the¡¡case¡¡so¡¡successfully¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Emperor¡¡remarked£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡physician£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡gentleman¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡
good¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fees£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡received¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡400¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡aurei¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨about¡¡¡¡¡¡2000£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡fortnight's¡¡
attendance¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡wife¡¡of¡¡Boethus¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡left¡¡Rome¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡¡in¡¡168¡¡A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡Pergamon£»¡¡but¡¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡recalled¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Rome¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Emperor£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡accompanied¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡
expedition¡¡to¡¡Germany¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡records¡¡in¡¡his¡¡writings¡¡of¡¡many¡¡journeys£»¡¡
and¡¡busy¡¡with¡¡his¡¡practice¡¡in¡¡dissections¡¡and¡¡experiments¡¡he¡¡passed¡¡a¡¡long¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡energetic¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡¡¡dying£»¡¡¡¡¡¡according¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡authorities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡200¡¡
A¡£D¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡sketch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡in¡¡Rome¡¡is¡¡given¡¡by¡¡Celsus¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
first¡¡of¡¡his¡¡eight¡¡books£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡mentions¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leading¡¡
practitioners£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Asclepiades£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Bithynian£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡great¡¡
ability£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡follower¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Alexandrians£»¡¡who¡¡regarded¡¡all¡¡disease¡¡as¡¡due¡¡
to¡¡a¡¡disturbed¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡atoms¡£¡¡Diet£»¡¡exercise£»¡¡massage¡¡and¡¡bathing¡¡
were¡¡his¡¡great¡¡remedies£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡mottotuto£»¡¡cito¡¡et¡¡jucundehas¡¡been¡¡the¡¡
emulation¡¡of¡¡all¡¡physicians¡£¡¡How¡¡important¡¡a¡¡role¡¡he¡¡and¡¡his¡¡successors¡¡
played¡¡until¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Galen¡¡may¡¡be¡¡gathered¡¡from¡¡the¡¡learned¡¡lectures¡¡
of¡¡Sir¡¡Clifford¡¡Allbutt£§32£§¡¡on¡¡¡¨Greek¡¡Medicine¡¡in¡¡Rome¡¨¡¡and¡¡from¡¡Meyer¡¡¡
Steineg's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Theodorus¡¡¡¡¡¡Priscianus¡¡¡¡¡¡und¡¡¡¡¡¡die¡¡¡¡¡¡romische¡¡¡¡¡¡Medizin¡£¡¨£§33£§¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡
certain¡¡lay¡¡writers¡¡we¡¡learn¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡custom¡¡for¡¡popular¡¡physicians¡¡
to¡¡be¡¡followed¡¡on¡¡their¡¡rounds¡¡by¡¡crowds¡¡of¡¡students¡£¡¡Martial's¡¡epigram¡¡£¨V£»¡¡
ix£©¡¡is¡¡often¡¡referred¡¡to£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Languebam£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sed¡¡¡¡¡¡tu¡¡¡¡comitatus¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡protinus¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ad¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Venisti¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡centum£»¡¡
Symmache£»¡¡discipulis¡£¡¡Centum¡¡me¡¡tegigere¡¡manus¡¡Aquilone¡¡gelatae¡¡Non¡¡
habui¡¡febrem£»¡¡Symmache£»¡¡nunc¡¡habeo¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§32£§¡¡Allbutt£º¡¡¡¡¡¡British¡¡¡¡¡¡Medical¡¡¡¡¡¡Journal£»¡¡¡¡¡¡London£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1909£»¡¡¡¡¡¡ii£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1449£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1515£»¡¡
1598¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡65¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡66¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§33£§¡¡Fischer£»¡¡Jena£»¡¡1909¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨Apollonius¡¡of¡¡Tyana¡¨¡¡by¡¡Philostratus£»¡¡when¡¡Apollonius¡¡
wishes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡prove¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡alibi£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡calls¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡witness¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡physicians¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡sick¡¡
friend£»¡¡¡¡Seleucus¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Straloctes£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡accompanied¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡clinical¡¡
class¡¡to¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡about¡¡thirty¡¡students¡££§34£§¡¡But¡¡for¡¡a¡¡first¡hand¡¡sketch¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡profession¡¡we¡¡must¡¡go¡¡to¡¡Pliny£»¡¡whose¡¡account¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡twenty¡ninth¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡book¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡History¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡
interesting¡¡and¡¡amusing¡¡chapters¡¡in¡¡that¡¡delightful¡¡work¡£¡¡He¡¡quotes¡¡Cato's¡¡
tirade¡¡against¡¡Greek¡¡physicians£»corrupters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡race£»¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡would¡¡
have¡¡banished¡¡from¡¡the¡¡city£»then¡¡he¡¡sketches¡¡the¡¡career¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
more¡¡¡¡¡¡famous¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡physicians¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Empire£»¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡
have¡¡had¡¡incomes¡¡never¡¡approached¡¡at¡¡any¡¡other¡¡period¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡
medicine¡£¡¡The¡¡chapter¡¡gives¡¡a¡¡good¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stage¡¡on¡¡which¡¡Galen¡¡
£¨practically¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡contemporary¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Pliny£©¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡play¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡role¡£¡¡
Pliny¡¡seems¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡rather¡¡disgusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡devious¡¡paths¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡doctors¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡touched¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
stronger¡¡language¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡weak¡¡points¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡physic¡£¡¡In¡¡one¡¡place¡¡
he¡¡says¡¡that¡¡it¡¡alone¡¡has¡¡this¡¡peculiar¡¡art¡¡and¡¡privilege£»¡¡¡¨That¡¡whosoever¡¡
professeth¡¡himself¡¡a¡¡physician£»¡¡is¡¡straightwaies¡¡beleeved£»¡¡say¡¡what¡¡he¡¡will£º¡¡
and¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡speake¡¡a¡¡truth£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡lies¡¡dearer¡¡sold¡¡or¡¡more¡¡daungerous¡¡
than¡¡those¡¡which¡¡proceed¡¡out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Physician's¡¡mouth¡£¡¡Howbeit£»¡¡we¡¡never¡¡
once¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡look¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡blind¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡deepe¡¡¡¡¡¡persuasion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
them£»¡¡and¡¡feed¡¡our¡¡selves¡¡each¡¡one¡¡in¡¡a¡¡sweet¡¡hope¡¡and¡¡plausible¡¡conceit¡¡
of¡¡our¡¡health¡¡by¡¡them¡£¡¡Moreover£»¡¡this¡¡mischief¡¡there¡¡is¡¡besides£»¡¡That¡¡there¡¡
is¡¡no¡¡law¡¡or¡¡statute¡¡to¡¡punish¡¡the¡¡ignorance¡¡of¡¡blind¡¡Physicians£»¡¡though¡¡a¡¡
man¡¡lost¡¡his¡¡life¡¡by¡¡them£º¡¡neither¡¡was¡¡there¡¡ever¡¡any¡¡man¡¡knowne£»¡¡who¡¡
had¡¡revenge¡¡of¡¡recompence¡¡for¡¡the¡¡evill¡¡intreating¡¡or¡¡misusage¡¡under¡¡their¡¡
hands¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡learne¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡skill¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡endaungering¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡lives£º¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡
proofe¡¡and¡¡experiments¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡medicines£»¡¡they¡¡care¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡to¡¡kill¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡£¡¨£§35£§¡¡
He¡¡says¡¡it¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡that£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡judges¡¡are¡¡carefully¡¡chosen¡¡and¡¡selected£»¡¡
physicians¡¡are¡¡practically¡¡their¡¡own¡¡judges£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡may¡¡
give¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡quick¡¡¡¡¡¡despatch¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡send¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Heaven¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Hell£»¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡enquiry¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡
examination¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡quality¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡worthiness¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡interesting¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
read¡¡so¡¡early¡¡a¡¡bitter¡¡criticism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡¡¨Theriaca£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡great¡¡compound¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡66¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡67¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡
medicine¡¡invented¡¡by¡¡Antiochus¡¡III£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡a¡¡vogue¡¡for¡¡fifteen¡¡hundred¡¡
years¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§34£§¡¡Bk¡£¡¡VIII£»¡¡Chap¡£¡¡VII¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§35£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Pliny£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Natural¡¡¡¡¡¡History¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨XXIX£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Philemon¡¡¡¡¡¡Holland's¡¡¡¡¡¡version£»¡¡
London£»¡¡1601£»¡¡II£»¡¡347¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡we¡¡must¡¡return¡¡to¡¡Galen¡¡and¡¡his¡¡works£»¡¡which¡¡comprise¡¡the¡¡most¡¡
voluminous¡¡body¡¡of¡¡writings¡¡left¡¡by¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancients¡£¡¡The¡¡great¡¡edition¡¡
is¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡twenty¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡volumes¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Kuhn¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨1821¡1833£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡useful¡¡
editions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Juntines¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Venice£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡issued¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡thirteen¡¡
editions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fourth¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡subsequent¡¡¡¡¡¡editions¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡useful¡¡¡¡¡¡index¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡
Brassavola¡¡is¡¡included¡£¡¡A¡¡critical¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡writings¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present¡¡being¡¡
made¡¡by¡¡¡¡German¡¡¡¡¡¡scholars¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Prussian¡¡Academy£»¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡issue¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
definitive¡¡edition¡¡of¡¡his¡¡works¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Galen¡¡had¡¡an¡¡eclectic¡¡mind¡¡and¡¡could¡¡not¡¡identify¡¡himself¡¡with¡¡any¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡prevailing¡¡schools£»¡¡but¡¡regarded¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡a¡¡disciple¡¡of¡¡Hippocrates¡£¡¡
For¡¡our¡¡purpose£»¡¡both¡¡his¡¡philosophy¡¡and¡¡his¡¡practice¡¡are¡¡of¡¡minor¡¡interest¡¡
in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡his¡¡great¡¡labors¡¡in¡¡anatomy¡¡and¡¡physiology¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡anatomy£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡pupil¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Alexandrians¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡constantly¡¡
refers¡£¡¡Times¡¡must¡¡have¡¡changed¡¡since¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡Herophilus£»¡¡as¡¡Galen¡¡
does¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡dissecting¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡
body£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡laments¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡prejudice¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡prevents¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡study¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
osteology£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡urges¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡student¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lookout¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡occasional¡¡
human¡¡¡¡¡¡bone¡¡¡¡¡¡exposed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡graveyard£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡occasion¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡tells¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
finding¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡carcass¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡robber¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡bones¡¡picked¡¡bare¡¡by¡¡¡¡birds¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
beasts¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Failing¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡source£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡advises¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡student¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Alexandria£»¡¡
where¡¡there¡¡were¡¡still¡¡two¡¡skeletons¡£¡¡He¡¡himself¡¡dissected¡¡chiefly¡¡apes¡¡and¡¡
pigs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡¡¡¡¡osteology¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡admirable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡tractate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨De¡¡¡¡¡¡Ossibus¡¨¡¡
could£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡changes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡today¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡hygiene¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
manual¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡¡¡¡¡description¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡muscles¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡organs¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡full£»¡¡
covering£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡many¡¡sins¡¡of¡¡omission¡¡and¡¡of¡¡commission£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡
the¡¡culmination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡study